{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204436054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","title":"An immunological synapse network for recognition of persistent weak anomalies","display_name":"An immunological synapse network for recognition of persistent weak anomalies","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204436054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10808625/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10808625/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081512326","display_name":"Sherif Abdulkader Tawfik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3592-1419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3592-1419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherif Tawfik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deakin University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3592-1419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136654139","display_name":"Hung Le","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deakin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045540854","display_name":"Svetha Venkatesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8675-6631","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8675-6631"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Svetha Venkatesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deakin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.7567999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.7567999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.24279999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-persistence","display_name":"temporal persistence","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinetic-proofreading","display_name":"kinetic proofreading","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-receptor-recognition","display_name":"T cell receptor recognition","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binding-affinity","display_name":"binding affinity","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series-anomaly-detection","display_name":"time series anomaly detection","score":0.7620000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5909000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170748874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21117977","display_name":"Proofreading","level":4,"score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5213000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127445978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187181","display_name":"Synapse","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194544171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21105679","display_name":"Gating","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10808625/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10808625/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10808625/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204436054.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204436054.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1761168721","https://openalex.org/W47068687","https://openalex.org/W2170860057","https://openalex.org/W2896943313","https://openalex.org/W2902455138","https://openalex.org/W2232592083","https://openalex.org/W337731739","https://openalex.org/W1555630177","https://openalex.org/W1488651071","https://openalex.org/W7160690880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Many":[1],"time-series":[2],"anomalies":[3,157],"of":[4],"practical":[5],"consequence":[6],"are":[7,158],"not":[8,30,124,163],"sharp":[9],"spikes":[10],"but":[11],"weak":[12],"deviations":[13],"sustained":[14],"across":[15],"many":[16],"consecutive":[17],"samples.":[18],"Standard":[19],"deep-learning":[20],"encoders,":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"convolutional,":[24],"recurrent":[25],"and":[26,94,134],"Transformer":[27],"architectures,":[28],"were":[29],"designed":[31],"to":[32,80,126],"distinguish":[33],"whether":[34],"faint":[35],"evidence":[36,79],"is":[37,111,118,132],"transient":[38],"or":[39],"persistent.":[40],"We":[41],"introduce":[42],"the":[43,119],"Immunological":[44],"Synapse":[45],"Network":[46],"(ISN),":[47],"a":[48,60,70,88,95,105,145],"differentiable":[49],"architecture":[50],"that":[51,122],"maps":[52],"four":[53],"T-cell":[54],"recognition":[55],"mechanisms":[56],"onto":[57],"anomaly":[58],"detection:":[59],"learned":[61,89],"receptor":[62],"scores":[63],"local":[64],"signal":[65],"tokens":[66],"by":[67,77,160,164],"binding":[68],"affinity;":[69],"kinetic":[71],"proofreading":[72,130],"cascade":[73,131],"suppresses":[74],"short-lived":[75],"matches":[76],"requiring":[78],"survive":[81],"multiple":[82],"sequential":[83],"states;":[84],"ITAM-like":[85],"gates":[86],"impose":[87],"threshold":[90],"on":[91],"each":[92],"receptor;":[93],"synapse-inspired":[96],"spatial":[97],"lattice":[98],"concentrates":[99],"surviving":[100],"activations":[101],"before":[102],"classification.":[103],"On":[104],"controlled":[106],"synthetic":[107],"benchmark":[108],"whose":[109],"label":[110],"recoverable":[112],"only":[113,120],"through":[114],"temporal":[115,161],"persistence,":[116],"ISN":[117],"model":[121],"does":[123],"collapse":[125],"chance":[127],"when":[128,156],"its":[129,153],"disabled,":[133],"it":[135],"outperforms":[136],"all":[137],"baselines":[138],"in":[139],"full-model":[140],"comparison.":[141],"These":[142],"results":[143],"establish":[144],"clear":[146],"operating":[147],"boundary:":[148],"immune-inspired":[149],"persistence":[150],"filtering":[151],"earns":[152],"computational":[154],"cost":[155],"defined":[159],"continuity,":[162],"instantaneous":[165],"magnitude.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}
