{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204343496","doi":null,"title":"Determining military expenditures: arms races and spill-over effects in cross-section and panel data","display_name":"Determining military expenditures: arms races and spill-over effects in cross-section and panel data","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204343496","mag":"1483691796"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bue:wpaper:0801","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://carecon.org.uk/BUEDP/0801.pdf","pdf_url":"http://carecon.org.uk/BUEDP/0801.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/9705/1/0901.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057686065","display_name":"John Paul Dunne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7966-9609","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7966-9609","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6150-7663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Paul Dunne","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND BRISTOL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND BRISTOL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110471178","display_name":"Sam Perlo\u2010Freeman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10656860","display_name":"Stockholm International Peace Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05e8ym512","country_code":"SE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10656860"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Perlo\u2010Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stockholm International Peace Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stockholm International Peace Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10656860"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038034819","display_name":"Ron P Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5827-2733","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5827-2733"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","display_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/02mb95055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ron Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birkbeck,\u2002University of London"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5827-2733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birkbeck,\u2002University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-spending","display_name":"defense spending","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arms-race","display_name":"arms race","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spillover-effects","display_name":"spillover effects","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-function","display_name":"demand function","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panel-data-estimation","display_name":"panel data estimation","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-panel-data-models","display_name":"dynamic panel data","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneity","display_name":"heterogeneity","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-income","display_name":"per capita income","score":0.9580000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.8205999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160443848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45918","display_name":"Per capita income","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992690401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257739","display_name":"Government expenditure","level":3,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60675406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2049349","display_name":"Panel analysis","level":3,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910806092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245016","display_name":"Military Base","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bue:wpaper:0801","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://carecon.org.uk/BUEDP/0801.pdf","pdf_url":"http://carecon.org.uk/BUEDP/0801.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:uwe:wpaper:0901","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://carecon.org.uk/DPs/0901.pdf","pdf_url":"http://carecon.org.uk/DPs/0901.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.bbk.ac.uk.oai2:9705","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/9705/1/0901.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/9705/1/0901.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400465","display_name":"BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","host_organization_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Monograph"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.uwe.ac.uk:12168","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/12168/1/0901.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/12168/1/0901.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401464","display_name":"UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","host_organization_name":"University of the West of England","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Report or Working Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uwe-repository.worktribe.com:1002108","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/1002108","pdf_url":"https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1002118/0901.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401464","display_name":"UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","host_organization_name":"University of the West of England","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"submittedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.577.7519","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.577.7519","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://carecon.org.uk/BUEDP/0801.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1483691796","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://carecon.org.uk/BUEDP/0801.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.bbk.ac.uk.oai2:9705","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/9705/1/0901.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/9705/1/0901.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400465","display_name":"BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","host_organization_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Monograph"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204343496.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204343496.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502137668","https://openalex.org/W1818241590","https://openalex.org/W1965828242","https://openalex.org/W1966410512","https://openalex.org/W1969679372","https://openalex.org/W1981145535","https://openalex.org/W1990562217","https://openalex.org/W2001586848","https://openalex.org/W2021965591","https://openalex.org/W2033916706","https://openalex.org/W2059107538","https://openalex.org/W2147382049","https://openalex.org/W2153103149","https://openalex.org/W3143112150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098021067","https://openalex.org/W563485668","https://openalex.org/W1965828242","https://openalex.org/W1552952472","https://openalex.org/W2470049793","https://openalex.org/W2890237183","https://openalex.org/W1981145535","https://openalex.org/W2484708114","https://openalex.org/W4244382797","https://openalex.org/W1981371467"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,108],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"the":[3,35,41,58,65,93,106,114,127,131,141],"determinants":[4],"of":[5,67,95,130],"military":[6,15,37,117],"spending,":[7,118],"building":[8],"on":[9,92,126],"an":[10,81],"emerging":[11],"literature":[12],"that":[13,113],"estimates":[14,62],"expenditure":[16,38],"demand":[17,115],"functions":[18],"in":[19,52,105,140],"cross-section":[20],"and":[21,31,60,63,69,84,138,143],"panel":[22,55,74],"data,":[23],"incorporating":[24],"\u2018arms-race\u2019":[25],"type":[26],"effects.":[27],"It":[28,48],"updates":[29],"Dunne":[30],"Perlo-Freeman":[32],"(2003b)":[33],"using":[34],"SIPRI":[36],"database":[39],"for":[40,116],"period":[42],"1988-2003,":[43],"finding":[44],"broadly":[45],"similar":[46],"results.":[47,107],"also":[49,77],"shows":[50],"differences":[51],"results":[53],"across":[54],"methods,":[56],"particularly":[57],"within":[59,73],"between":[61,120,133],"illustrates":[64],"importance":[66],"recognising":[68],"modelling":[70],"dynamic":[71],"processes":[72],"data.Heterogeneity":[75],"is":[76,100,109],"found":[78],"to":[79,111],"be":[80],"important":[82],"issue":[83],"when":[85],"countries":[86,137],"are":[87],"broken":[88],"up":[89],"into":[90],"groups":[91],"basis":[94],"per":[96],"capita":[97],"income":[98],"there":[99],"no":[101],"obvious":[102],"systematic":[103],"pattern":[104],"seen":[110],"imply":[112],"even":[119],"two":[121],"mutually":[122],"hostile":[123],"powers,may":[124],"depend":[125],"whole":[128],"nature":[129],"relationship":[132],"them":[134],"(and":[135],"other":[136],"events":[139],"region),":[142],"not":[144],"simply":[145],"Richardsonian":[146],"action-reaction":[147],"patterns.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
