{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204280148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23586","title":"Emergent Space, Time, and Lorentz Symmetry from Binary Sequences","display_name":"Emergent Space, Time, and Lorentz Symmetry from Binary Sequences","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204280148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23586","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23586","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23586","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23586","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072233000","display_name":"Sam Powers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-0279","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-0279"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Powers, Sam","raw_affiliation_strings":["HEPCOS , Department of Physics , SUNY at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY 14260 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HEPCOS , Department of Physics , SUNY at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY 14260 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004206059","display_name":"Dejan Stojkovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-0539","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-0539"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stojkovic, Dejan","raw_affiliation_strings":["HEPCOS , Department of Physics , SUNY at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY 14260 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HEPCOS , Department of Physics , SUNY at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY 14260 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10025","display_name":"Black Holes and Theoretical Physics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergent-spacetime","display_name":"emergent spacetime","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lorentz-invariance","display_name":"Lorentz invariance","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-sequences","display_name":"binary sequences","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitwise-xor","display_name":"bitwise XOR","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shannon-entropy","display_name":"Shannon entropy","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-relativity","display_name":"special relativity","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-cone","display_name":"light cone","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-holes","display_name":"black holes","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/de-sitter-space","display_name":"de Sitter space","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-high-energy-cosmic-rays","display_name":"ultra-high-energy cosmic rays","score":0.8259999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79464548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464794","display_name":"Minkowski space","level":2,"score":0.7853999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130187892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327","display_name":"Spacetime","level":2,"score":0.6445000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5667645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217255","display_name":"Lorentz transformation","level":2,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.49459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71993908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093427","display_name":"Lorentz covariance","level":3,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23134205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11455","display_name":"Special relativity","level":3,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149324446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43514","display_name":"Theory of relativity","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162241779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056595","display_name":"Proper time","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128040838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810628","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","level":3,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174195342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844610","display_name":"Four-vector","level":5,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23586","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23586","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23586","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.23586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23586","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23586","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23586","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8799951010","display_name":"Physics at the Frontier: From Colliders to Cosmology","funder_award_id":"2310363","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204280148.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204280148.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1946323376","https://openalex.org/W1995999485","https://openalex.org/W2000107533","https://openalex.org/W2549519388","https://openalex.org/W2592995522","https://openalex.org/W2731098723","https://openalex.org/W2761785431","https://openalex.org/W2898210672","https://openalex.org/W4200630001","https://openalex.org/W4226249632","https://openalex.org/W4290755151","https://openalex.org/W4382537625","https://openalex.org/W4406867756","https://openalex.org/W4415317887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7142398275","https://openalex.org/W6922722496","https://openalex.org/W7161684210","https://openalex.org/W1722023710","https://openalex.org/W7156705758","https://openalex.org/W7154842873","https://openalex.org/W1998818568","https://openalex.org/W4381952416","https://openalex.org/W6903694811","https://openalex.org/W7124177970"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"construct":[1],"an":[2,51],"information":[3,225],"theory":[4],"framework":[5,120,217],"in":[6,198],"which":[7,199],"the":[8,19,34,47,109,119,148,162,173,182,196,216,221,239,251,255,259,265],"fundamental":[9],"objects":[10],"are":[11,27,39,63,73,155,170,241],"binary":[12,61],"sequences":[13,62,65],"of":[14,29,37,81,113,134,181,215,223,242,250,254,267,274],"length":[15,249],"$n$,":[16],"equipped":[17],"with":[18,75,138,203],"bitwise":[20],"XOR":[21,114],"operation.":[22],"The":[23,77,101,211],"only":[24],"physical":[25],"observables":[26],"counts":[28,90],"XOR-generated":[30],"symbol":[31],"classes,":[32],"while":[33],"exact":[35,156],"locations":[36,44],"symbols":[38],"inaccessible.":[40],"Averaging":[41],"over":[42],"those":[43],"ultimately":[45],"yields":[46,121],"Minkowski":[48],"interval":[49,132],"as":[50,69,143],"invariant":[52],"object":[53],"that":[54,66,91,105],"maximizes":[55],"(information)":[56],"entropy.":[57],"Correlations":[58],"between":[59],"two":[60],"base-4":[64],"we":[67],"label":[68],"``events'',":[70],"and":[71,94,131,151,167,234,258],"events":[72],"connected":[74],"maps.":[76],"entire":[78],"kinematic":[79],"structure":[80],"Special":[82],"Relativity":[83],"is":[84,104,108,165,229,273],"recovered":[85,142],"under":[86],"minimal":[87],"assumptions,":[88],"i.e.":[89],"represent":[92],"space":[93],"time":[95],"increments":[96],"carry":[97],"equal":[98],"informational":[99],"weight.":[100],"central":[102],"claim":[103],"Lorentz":[106,179],"symmetry":[107,163],"typical":[110],"large-n":[111],"behaviour":[112],"counting.":[115],"At":[116],"finite":[117],"$n$":[118,200,228,271],"a":[122,126,207,246],"discrete":[123],"rapidity":[124],"spectrum,":[125],"bound":[127],"$\u03b3_{\\max}":[128],"=":[129],"O(\\sqrt{n})$,":[130],"fluctuations":[133],"relative":[135],"size":[136],"$O(n^{-1/2})$,":[137],"standard":[139,183],"special":[140],"relativity":[141],"$n":[144,191],"\\to":[145],"\\infty$.":[146],"However,":[147],"light":[149],"cone":[150],"one":[152,244],"null":[153],"coordinate":[154],"for":[157],"every":[158],"microscopic":[159],"configuration,":[160],"so":[161],"group":[164],"undeformed":[166],"dispersion":[168],"relations":[169],"unmodified.":[171],"Thus,":[172],"theory,":[174],"though":[175],"discrete,":[176],"implies":[177],"no":[178],"violation":[180],"phenomenological":[184],"kind.":[185],"Ultra-high-energy":[186],"cosmic":[187],"rays":[188],"already":[189],"require":[190],"\\gtrsim":[192],"10^{23}$;":[193],"interferometry":[194],"excludes":[195],"variant":[197],"scales":[201],"linearly":[202],"system":[204],"size,":[205,257],"leaving":[206],"holographic":[208],"area":[209],"law.":[210],"most":[212],"striking":[213],"prediction":[214],"concerns":[218],"systems":[219],"at":[220,264],"maximum":[222],"their":[224],"capacity,":[226],"where":[227,270],"necessarily":[230],"finite:":[231],"black":[232],"holes":[233],"de":[235],"Sitter":[236],"space.":[237],"There":[238],"corrections":[240],"order":[243,275],"within":[245],"Planck":[247],"proper":[248],"horizon,":[252],"regardless":[253],"horizon's":[256],"spacetime":[260],"description":[261],"fails":[262],"altogether":[263],"endpoint":[266],"black-hole":[268],"evaporation,":[269],"itself":[272],"unity.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}