{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204279556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.07610","title":"Translation of Black-Box Clinical Prediction Models into Standalone Transparent Nomograms: Temporal External Validation in Heart Transplantation","display_name":"Translation of Black-Box Clinical Prediction Models into Standalone Transparent Nomograms: Temporal External Validation in Heart Transplantation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204279556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.07610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.07610","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07610","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.07610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.07610","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055747116","display_name":"Henry Pigot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-4206","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-4206"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pigot, Henry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Translational Medicine , Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics in Cardiothoracic Sciences Research Unit , Lund University , Lund , Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Translational Medicine , Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics in Cardiothoracic Sciences Research Unit , Lund University , Lund , Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010155676","display_name":"Paulo J.G. Lisboa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6365-4499","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6365-4499"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisboa, Paulo J. G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077858988","display_name":"Sandra Ortega\u2010Martorell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-3209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-3209"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ortega-Martorell, Sandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK","Entr\u00e9gatan 7 , SE-22185 Lund , Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entr\u00e9gatan 7 , SE-22185 Lund , Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028083196","display_name":"Iv\u00e1n Olier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5679-7501","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5679-7501"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olier, Ivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084093054","display_name":"Joseph Mahon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahon, Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159939868","display_name":"Johan Nilsson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137844","display_name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02z31g829","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137844"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilsson, Johan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery , Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden","Department of Translational Medicine , Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics in Cardiothoracic Sciences Research Unit , Lund University , Lund , Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery , Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Translational Medicine , Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics in Cardiothoracic Sciences Research Unit , Lund University , Lund , Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.042399998754262924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.014800000004470348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nomogram","display_name":"nomogram","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prism","display_name":"PRISM","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-transplantation","display_name":"heart transplantation","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-risk-score","display_name":"clinical risk score","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-interpretability","display_name":"model interpretability","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier-comparison","display_name":"classifier comparison","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-additive-models","display_name":"neural additive models","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-gradient-boosting","display_name":"extreme gradient boosting","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-clinical-benefit","display_name":"net clinical benefit","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7384999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.7365999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6543999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5927000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5817000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67666897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165896","display_name":"Prism","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43169469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580922","display_name":"Preprint","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34626388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721129","display_name":"Nomogram","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781020372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533093","display_name":"On the fly","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.07610","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07610","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.07610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.07610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.07610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.07610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.07610","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07610","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.07610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3925507954","display_name":"A randomized controlled trial comparing non-ischemic continuous hypothermic cardioplegic perfusion to ischemic cold static storage of donor hearts in adult cardiac transplantation","funder_award_id":"2019-00487","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3969308184","display_name":"Synchrotron-based imaging to decipher cardiovascular pathobiology","funder_award_id":"2022-00683","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4227065086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20220591","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322169","funder_display_name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G640572228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230545","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322169","funder_display_name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6492604281","display_name":"Predicting, preventing and individualize treatment of heart transplanted patients","funder_award_id":"2023-03184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321589","display_name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","ror":"https://ror.org/04w6kn183"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322169","display_name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden","ror":"https://ror.org/052261q33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326807","display_name":"Sk\u00e5nes universitetssjukhus","ror":"https://ror.org/02z31g829"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204279556.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204279556.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1996496270","https://openalex.org/W2006617902","https://openalex.org/W2045030989","https://openalex.org/W2046945713","https://openalex.org/W2048231652","https://openalex.org/W2051900052","https://openalex.org/W2064186732","https://openalex.org/W2125847307","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2147657707","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2727650337","https://openalex.org/W2890840903","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2973631113","https://openalex.org/W2989542950","https://openalex.org/W2996480032","https://openalex.org/W3035517615","https://openalex.org/W3149054887","https://openalex.org/W3169203486","https://openalex.org/W4220847630","https://openalex.org/W4224996539","https://openalex.org/W4296770654","https://openalex.org/W4308963930","https://openalex.org/W4322754167","https://openalex.org/W4361004766","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4399432046","https://openalex.org/W4401419219","https://openalex.org/W4403892428","https://openalex.org/W4404563514","https://openalex.org/W4407173730","https://openalex.org/W4409167406","https://openalex.org/W4413612188","https://openalex.org/W4413811448","https://openalex.org/W4415781256","https://openalex.org/W7127118349","https://openalex.org/W7131087849","https://openalex.org/W7166583296","https://openalex.org/W7223758640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7212007688","https://openalex.org/W114375830","https://openalex.org/W4406316907","https://openalex.org/W7132109086","https://openalex.org/W2084701993","https://openalex.org/W7139575526","https://openalex.org/W4413040062","https://openalex.org/W7099690322","https://openalex.org/W2225265647","https://openalex.org/W4393069058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,50],"convert":[1],"black-box":[2],"clinical":[3,75,105],"prediction":[4],"models":[5,71,113],"for":[6,94],"tabular":[7],"data":[8],"into":[9],"standalone":[10],"nomograms":[11],"that":[12],"can":[13],"be":[14],"audited":[15],"term":[16],"by":[17],"term.":[18],"PRiSM":[19,142],"(Partial":[20],"Responses":[21],"in":[22,53,60,118],"Structured":[23],"Models)":[24],"takes":[25],"the":[26,34,44,110,138],"shape":[27],"of":[28],"each":[29],"effect":[30],"and":[31,42,47,84,100,104,125,133],"interaction":[32],"from":[33,67,109,120],"source":[35,70],"model,":[36],"not":[37],"merely":[38],"which":[39],"variables":[40],"mattered,":[41],"lets":[43],"outcome":[45],"select":[46],"weight":[48],"them.":[49],"tested":[51],"this":[52],"50,356":[54],"heart":[55],"transplant":[56],"recipients,":[57],"with":[58],"validation":[59],"a":[61,73,90],"later":[62],"era":[63],"than":[64,137],"training.":[65],"Nomograms":[66],"all":[68],"5":[69],"-":[72,88],"public":[74],"risk":[76],"score,":[77],"logistic":[78],"regression,":[79],"neural":[80,130],"networks,":[81],"random":[82],"forests":[83],"extreme":[85],"gradient":[86],"boosting":[87,127,140],"met":[89],"prespecified":[91],"noninferiority":[92],"criterion":[93],"discrimination":[95,119],"before":[96],"any":[97],"further":[98],"simplification,":[99],"generally":[101],"preserved":[102],"calibration":[103],"net":[106],"benefit.":[107],"Those":[108],"3":[111],"machine-learning":[112],"showed":[114],"no":[115],"detectable":[116],"difference":[117],"de":[121],"novo":[122],"generalized":[123],"additive":[124,131],"explainable":[126,139],"models,":[128,132],"exceeded":[129],"carried":[134],"fewer":[135],"terms":[136],"model.":[141],"is":[143],"released":[144],"as":[145],"an":[146],"open-source":[147],"Python":[148],"package.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}