{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204278478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","title":"Ai Technologies and Contractual Obligations: Challenges in Legal Identification and Risk Sharing","display_name":"Ai Technologies and Contractual Obligations: Challenges in Legal Identification and Risk Sharing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204278478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","pdf_url":"https://etl.fa.ru/jour/article/download/643/437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236265","display_name":"Economics taxes & law","issn_l":"1999-849X","issn":["1999-849X","2619-1474"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312870","host_organization_name":"Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economics, taxes & law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204278478"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://etl.fa.ru/jour/article/download/643/437","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031584354","display_name":"Maksim V. Demchenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7010-8445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7010-8445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211738395","display_name":"Financial University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hnrbb29","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211738395"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. V. Demchenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7010-8445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211738395"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035098828","display_name":"Yu.I. Frolovskaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9818-1554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9818-1554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211738395","display_name":"Financial University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hnrbb29","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211738395"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu. I. Frolovskaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9818-1554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211738395"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211738395"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"183","last_page":"192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.5479000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.5479000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.4375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-code-of-the-russian-federation","display_name":"Russian Civil Code","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability-distribution","display_name":"liability distribution","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-autonomy","display_name":"algorithmic autonomy","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/admissibility-of-evidence","display_name":"admissibility of evidence","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger-technology","display_name":"distributed ledger technology","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-ai-act","display_name":"EU AI Act","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-auditing","display_name":"algorithmic auditing","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-regulation","display_name":"AI regulation","score":0.6570000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160151201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207946","display_name":"Arbitration","level":2,"score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141570072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568338","display_name":"Limited liability","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777449729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525271","display_name":"Product liability","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778890055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192543","display_name":"Legal doctrine","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777151640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433177","display_name":"Legal risk","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","pdf_url":"https://etl.fa.ru/jour/article/download/643/437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236265","display_name":"Economics taxes & law","issn_l":"1999-849X","issn":["1999-849X","2619-1474"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312870","host_organization_name":"Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economics, taxes & law","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2026-19-4-183-192","pdf_url":"https://etl.fa.ru/jour/article/download/643/437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236265","display_name":"Economics taxes & law","issn_l":"1999-849X","issn":["1999-849X","2619-1474"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312870","host_organization_name":"Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economics, taxes & law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204278478.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204278478.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950115043","https://openalex.org/W4225526160","https://openalex.org/W4280650434","https://openalex.org/W4293576472","https://openalex.org/W4382628817","https://openalex.org/W4412992147","https://openalex.org/W4414135693","https://openalex.org/W4415906700","https://openalex.org/W4415906714","https://openalex.org/W4416425633","https://openalex.org/W7115899560","https://openalex.org/W7152521238","https://openalex.org/W7160110692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411444328","https://openalex.org/W7122686539","https://openalex.org/W4401389467","https://openalex.org/W4412468923","https://openalex.org/W7163927647","https://openalex.org/W7116100745","https://openalex.org/W7216506241","https://openalex.org/W7168167911","https://openalex.org/W4283824099","https://openalex.org/W4416260523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58,72,214,227],"significance":[1],"of":[2,10,16,40,52,75,83,96,104,114,140,160,180,203,222],"this":[3],"research":[4,36],"lies":[5],"in":[6,23,32,45,65,156,172],"the":[7,11,14,38,76,132,137,147,157,164,177,181,204,220,244,256],"fast-paced":[8],"digitalization":[9],"economy":[12],"and":[13,55,67,98,117,168,249,266],"absence":[15],"a":[17,79,91,101,107,111,118],"legal":[18,41,81,93,108,122,196],"definition":[19],"for":[20,29,120,210,231],"AI":[21,44,212,237,247,268],"contracts":[22,193],"Russian":[24,182,187,233],"legislation,":[25],"leading":[26],"to":[27,61,89,127,176,219,272],"risks":[28],"those":[30],"involved":[31],"contractual":[33,46],"agreements.":[34],"This":[35],"examines":[37],"subject":[39],"considerations":[42],"surrounding":[43],"settings,":[47],"covering":[48],"automated":[49],"transactions,":[50],"evidence":[51,223],"algorithmic":[53,264],"choices,":[54],"liability":[56,162],"distribution.":[57],"study":[59,77,257],"aims":[60],"pinpoint":[62],"systemic":[63,102],"flaws":[64],"laws":[66,234],"enforcement,":[68],"then":[69],"suggest":[70],"solutions.":[71],"methodological":[73],"basis":[74],"includes":[78],"formal":[80],"analysis":[82,103,113],"arbitration":[84],"court":[85],"rulings":[86],"from":[87,136,224],"2022":[88],"2026,":[90],"comparative":[92],"method":[94,119],"(analysis":[95],"EU":[97,246],"US":[99,250],"approaches),":[100],"doctrinal":[105],"approaches,":[106],"forecasting":[109],"method,":[110],"content":[112],"scientific":[115,133],"publications,":[116],"interpreting":[121],"norms":[123],"as":[124,194],"they":[125],"relate":[126],"new":[128],"technological":[129],"phenomena.":[130],"First,":[131],"novelty":[134],"comes":[135],"authors\u2019":[138],"classification":[139],"AI-involved":[141],"contracts,":[142],"which":[143,207],"is":[144],"based":[145],"on":[146,240],"algorithm\u2019s":[148],"autonomy":[149],"(passive":[150],"tool,":[151],"assistant,":[152],"autonomous":[153,211],"executor);":[154],"second,":[155],"original":[158],"system":[159],"distributed":[161,225],"between":[163],"developer,":[165],"operator,":[166],"owner,":[167],"user;":[169],"and,":[170],"thirdly,":[171],"specific":[173],"proposed":[174],"amendments":[175],"Civil":[178],"Code":[179],"Federation":[183],"(Articles":[184],"153.1,":[185],"1079.1).":[186],"courts":[188],"generally":[189],"don\u2019t":[190],"consider":[191],"smart":[192],"standalone":[195],"facts.":[197],"They":[198],"usually":[199],"require":[200,262],"written":[201],"proof":[202],"parties\u2019":[205],"intentions,":[206],"poses":[208],"challenges":[209],"systems.":[213],"authors":[215],"identified":[216],"various":[217],"approaches":[218],"admissibility":[221],"ledgers.":[226],"paper":[228],"suggests":[229],"methods":[230],"aligning":[232],"with":[235],"global":[236],"regulations,":[238],"drawing":[239],"international":[241],"examples":[242],"like":[243],"2024":[245],"Regulation":[248],"strategies.":[251],"As":[252],"an":[253],"outcome":[254],",":[255],"concluded":[258],"that":[259,267],"high-risk":[260],"systems":[261],"mandatory":[263],"audits":[265],"contract":[269],"\u201csandboxes\u201d":[270],"need":[271],"be":[273],"more":[274],"widely":[275],"available.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}