{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204277161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.24039","title":"Design-to-Plan: A Large Language Model-Based Multi-Agent Framework for Manufacturing Process Planning from 3D CAD Models and 2D Engineering Drawings","display_name":"Design-to-Plan: A Large Language Model-Based Multi-Agent Framework for Manufacturing Process Planning from 3D CAD Models and 2D Engineering Drawings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204277161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.24039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.24039","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24039","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204277161"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24039","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109779961","display_name":"Muhammad Tayyab Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6638-6360","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6638-6360"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091207","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00f44np30","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210091207","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khan, Muhammad Tayyab","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 , Singapore","Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 5 CleanTech Loop , #01-01 CleanTech Two Block B , Singapore 636732 , Republic of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 5 CleanTech Loop , #01-01 CleanTech Two Block B , Singapore 636732 , Republic of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210091207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121826206","display_name":"Lequn Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256791","display_name":"Advanced Remanufacturing & Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04hmssf27","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256791"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Lequn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre (ARTC) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 3 CleanTech Loop , #01-01 CleanTech Two , Singapore 637143 , Republic of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre (ARTC) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 3 CleanTech Loop , #01-01 CleanTech Two , Singapore 637143 , Republic of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4405256791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126605105","display_name":"Wenhe Feng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091207","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00f44np30","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210091207","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Wenhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 5 CleanTech Loop , #01-01 CleanTech Two Block B , Singapore 636732 , Republic of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 5 CleanTech Loop , #01-01 CleanTech Two Block B , Singapore 636732 , Republic of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210091207"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126622680","display_name":"Seung Ki Moon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moon, Seung Ki","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-planning","display_name":"process planning","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-systems","display_name":"multi-agent systems","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-cad-models","display_name":"3D CAD models","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2d-engineering-drawings","display_name":"2D engineering drawings","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tool-selection","display_name":"tool selection","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-sequencing","display_name":"process sequencing","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-retrieval","display_name":"knowledge retrieval","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflict-resolution","display_name":"conflict resolution","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/react-agents","display_name":"ReAct agents","score":0.6859999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4982999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53688548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122190","display_name":"Computer-integrated manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78382760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2288649","display_name":"Concurrent engineering","level":3,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119823426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184793","display_name":"Computer Aided Design","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21338462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662581","display_name":"Information model","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33326189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092450","display_name":"Information integration","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180539650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660192","display_name":"Computer-aided manufacturing","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54525549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2553445","display_name":"Weaving","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101814296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5439685","display_name":"Feature model","level":3,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.24039","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24039","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.24039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.24039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.24039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.24039","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24039","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.428600013256073,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204277161.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204277161.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W1966334941","https://openalex.org/W1987326707","https://openalex.org/W1992558138","https://openalex.org/W2042830635","https://openalex.org/W2051448938","https://openalex.org/W2128672031","https://openalex.org/W2169618379","https://openalex.org/W2602340712","https://openalex.org/W2791517442","https://openalex.org/W2794230447","https://openalex.org/W2797161036","https://openalex.org/W2914881032","https://openalex.org/W3150272099","https://openalex.org/W4210906714","https://openalex.org/W4304013646","https://openalex.org/W4304195432","https://openalex.org/W4312233877","https://openalex.org/W4386126398","https://openalex.org/W4387206256","https://openalex.org/W4387567460","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4389151621","https://openalex.org/W4395449267","https://openalex.org/W4399105965","https://openalex.org/W4401023556","https://openalex.org/W4402671775","https://openalex.org/W4402857920","https://openalex.org/W4403203873","https://openalex.org/W4403442585","https://openalex.org/W4404137102","https://openalex.org/W4404333640","https://openalex.org/W4405836446","https://openalex.org/W4406325768","https://openalex.org/W4411067687","https://openalex.org/W4411889323","https://openalex.org/W4412708717","https://openalex.org/W4412956045","https://openalex.org/W4414413551","https://openalex.org/W4416796583","https://openalex.org/W4417442957","https://openalex.org/W7101697546","https://openalex.org/W7118786724","https://openalex.org/W7143810702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7203971636","https://openalex.org/W7131094687","https://openalex.org/W4408804546","https://openalex.org/W7167662323","https://openalex.org/W4416082573","https://openalex.org/W7168287636","https://openalex.org/W7204086839","https://openalex.org/W7135231927","https://openalex.org/W4414266823","https://openalex.org/W4413209391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Manufacturing":[0],"process":[1,39,76,95],"planning":[2,45,161,219],"transforms":[3],"heterogeneous":[4],"design":[5,36,230],"information":[6,142],"into":[7],"coherent":[8],"manufacturing":[9,75,155,233],"decisions.":[10,130],"However,":[11],"existing":[12],"approaches":[13],"focus":[14],"on":[15],"isolated":[16],"subtasks,":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19,106,114],"feature":[20,85,181],"recognition,":[21,86,182],"drawing":[22,88,146,183],"interpretation,":[23],"or":[24],"tool":[25,97],"selection,":[26,98],"and":[27,55,99,122,128,137,145,159,185,210,232,238],"struggle":[28],"to":[29,38,125],"support":[30],"the":[31,110],"full":[32],"reasoning":[33,115],"chain":[34],"from":[35,143],"artifacts":[37],"plans.":[40],"This":[41],"is":[42,165],"critical":[43],"when":[44],"must":[46],"interpret":[47],"3D":[48,84],"CAD":[49,144,180],"models,":[50],"2D":[51,87],"engineering":[52],"drawings,":[53],"materials,":[54],"domain-specific":[56],"rules.":[57],"To":[58],"address":[59],"this":[60,62,132],"gap,":[61],"paper":[63],"presents":[64],"Design-to-Plan,":[65],"a":[66,211],"large":[67],"language":[68],"model":[69],"(LLM)-based":[70],"multi-agent":[71,226],"framework":[72,111,164],"for":[73,83,217],"end-to-end":[74],"planning.":[77],"An":[78],"orchestrator":[79],"coordinates":[80],"specialized":[81,138],"agents":[82,116,139,150],"analysis,":[89,184,209],"2D-3D":[90,186],"context":[91,187],"fusion,":[92],"knowledge":[93,123],"retrieval,":[94],"sequencing,":[96],"report":[100],"generation.":[101],"Rather":[102],"than":[103],"using":[104,167],"LLMs":[105],"standalone":[107],"text":[108],"generators,":[109],"deploys":[112],"them":[113],"that":[117,223],"interact":[118],"with":[119],"deterministic":[120,135],"modules":[121,136],"sources":[124],"produce":[126],"consistent":[127],"traceable":[129,239],"In":[131],"hybrid":[133],"design,":[134],"extract":[140],"structured":[141,224],"inputs,":[147],"while":[148],"LLM":[149],"perform":[151],"context-aware":[152],"reasoning,":[153],"retrieve":[154],"rules,":[156],"resolve":[157],"conflicts,":[158],"generate":[160],"outputs.":[162],"The":[163,189],"evaluated":[166],"300":[168],"benchmark":[169],"cases":[170],"across":[171,195],"three":[172],"downstream":[173,196],"ReAct-enabled":[174],"agents,":[175,197],"plus":[176],"separate":[177],"evaluations":[178],"of":[179,201],"fusion.":[188],"parallel":[190],"architecture":[191],"achieves":[192],"100%":[193],"success":[194],"Tool":[198],"F1":[199],"scores":[200],"95.9%-97.6%,":[202],"90%":[203],"source":[204],"detection":[205],"accuracy":[206],"in":[207,214],"conflict":[208],"60%-68%":[212],"reduction":[213],"token":[215],"usage":[216],"key":[218],"tasks.":[220],"Results":[221],"show":[222],"LLM-based":[225],"coordination":[227],"can":[228],"bridge":[229],"representations":[231],"knowledge,":[234],"enabling":[235],"scalable,":[236],"efficient,":[237],"design-to-plan":[240],"automation.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
