{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204276409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8734019","title":"Numerical Analysis and Multiobjective Optimization of Pin\u2010Fin Cold Plates for Battery Modules Under Extreme Operating Conditions","display_name":"Numerical Analysis and Multiobjective Optimization of Pin\u2010Fin Cold Plates for Battery Modules Under Extreme Operating Conditions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204276409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8734019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/er/8734019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8734019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8734019","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/er/8734019","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204276409"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/er/8734019","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047341773","display_name":"Berkay Tahira\u011fao\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-5430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-5430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berkay Tahira\u011fao\u011flu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Faculty ,  Automotive Engineering Department ,  Bursa Uludag\u0306 University ,  Go\u0308ru\u0308kle ,  Bursa ,  16059 ,  Tu\u0308rkiye , uludag.edu.tr"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-5430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Faculty ,  Automotive Engineering Department ,  Bursa Uludag\u0306 University ,  Go\u0308ru\u0308kle ,  Bursa ,  16059 ,  Tu\u0308rkiye , uludag.edu.tr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077750510","display_name":"Emre \u0130sa Albak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-0775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-0775"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre \u0130sa Albak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Faculty ,  Automotive Engineering Department ,  Bursa Uludag\u0306 University ,  Go\u0308ru\u0308kle ,  Bursa ,  16059 ,  Tu\u0308rkiye , uludag.edu.tr","Optam Teknoloji ,  Nilu\u0308fer ,  Bursa ,  Tu\u0308rkiye","Ulutek Technopark ,  Nilu\u0308fer ,  Bursa ,  Tu\u0308rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-0775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Faculty ,  Automotive Engineering Department ,  Bursa Uludag\u0306 University ,  Go\u0308ru\u0308kle ,  Bursa ,  16059 ,  Tu\u0308rkiye , uludag.edu.tr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optam Teknoloji ,  Nilu\u0308fer ,  Bursa ,  Tu\u0308rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulutek Technopark ,  Nilu\u0308fer ,  Bursa ,  Tu\u0308rkiye","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034661051","display_name":"G\u00f6khan Sevilgen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7746-2014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7746-2014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G\u00f6khan Sevilgen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Faculty ,  Automotive Engineering Department ,  Bursa Uludag\u0306 University ,  Go\u0308ru\u0308kle ,  Bursa ,  16059 ,  Tu\u0308rkiye , uludag.edu.tr"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7746-2014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Faculty ,  Automotive Engineering Department ,  Bursa Uludag\u0306 University ,  Go\u0308ru\u0308kle ,  Bursa ,  16059 ,  Tu\u0308rkiye , uludag.edu.tr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034661051"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12560","display_name":"Nuclear Engineering Thermal-Hydraulics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2104","display_name":"Nuclear Energy and Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-thermal-management-system","display_name":"battery thermal management system","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-runaway","display_name":"thermal runaway","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle-batteries","display_name":"electric vehicle batteries","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nusselt-number-correlation","display_name":"Nusselt number correlation","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-dependent-fluid-properties","display_name":"temperature-dependent fluid properties","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nsga-ii","display_name":"NSGA-II","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-modeling","display_name":"surrogate models","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydraulic-pressure-drop","display_name":"hydraulic pressure drop","score":0.6370000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.6032999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114088122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261069","display_name":"Pressure drop","level":2,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130230704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898280","display_name":"Nusselt number","level":4,"score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48753275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11216","display_name":"Numerical analysis","level":2,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186394612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098942","display_name":"Optimal design","level":2,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131321042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656685","display_name":"Operating temperature","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201289731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172599","display_name":"Inlet","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150077022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136137","display_name":"Response surface methodology","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008971","display_name":"Design tool","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89714869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280470","display_name":"Dimensioning","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8171440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903414","display_name":"Steady state (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781345722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308388","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/er/8734019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8734019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8734019","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/er/8734019","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:edfc4912-7495-41db-b743-9178a54290ad","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://avesis.uludag.edu.tr/publication/details/edfc4912-7495-41db-b743-9178a54290ad/oai","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055210","display_name":"Bursa Uludag University - AVESIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/er/8734019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8734019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8734019","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/er/8734019","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9090999960899353,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"score":0.4943999946117401,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3927350283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22AG001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G766118156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22AG001-T\u00dcB\u0130TAK 1004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204276409.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204276409.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W657194846","https://openalex.org/W1991247202","https://openalex.org/W2008600724","https://openalex.org/W2009850249","https://openalex.org/W2020512944","https://openalex.org/W2023385933","https://openalex.org/W2033117182","https://openalex.org/W2089340434","https://openalex.org/W2092983958","https://openalex.org/W2116064024","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2133496267","https://openalex.org/W2134604794","https://openalex.org/W2192941578","https://openalex.org/W2197515183","https://openalex.org/W2478899349","https://openalex.org/W2515327595","https://openalex.org/W2618037459","https://openalex.org/W2625023256","https://openalex.org/W2783851665","https://openalex.org/W2797922402","https://openalex.org/W2897232815","https://openalex.org/W2903223816","https://openalex.org/W2911870061","https://openalex.org/W2942343496","https://openalex.org/W2954654475","https://openalex.org/W2961171235","https://openalex.org/W2998987144","https://openalex.org/W3012164571","https://openalex.org/W3015422452","https://openalex.org/W3124121165","https://openalex.org/W3141228567","https://openalex.org/W3150053252","https://openalex.org/W3156279985","https://openalex.org/W3192217196","https://openalex.org/W3200947504","https://openalex.org/W3203615653","https://openalex.org/W3203688505","https://openalex.org/W3205403513","https://openalex.org/W4200484478","https://openalex.org/W4205358909","https://openalex.org/W4206115189","https://openalex.org/W4206493021","https://openalex.org/W4210623735","https://openalex.org/W4213429543","https://openalex.org/W4283013046","https://openalex.org/W4307112686","https://openalex.org/W4309078350","https://openalex.org/W4309938407","https://openalex.org/W4312085362","https://openalex.org/W4316276679","https://openalex.org/W4319015174","https://openalex.org/W4320479156","https://openalex.org/W4322766061","https://openalex.org/W4366828374","https://openalex.org/W4376611376","https://openalex.org/W4381548048","https://openalex.org/W4385839886","https://openalex.org/W4386812460","https://openalex.org/W4390292180","https://openalex.org/W4392112901","https://openalex.org/W4394673795","https://openalex.org/W4397042633","https://openalex.org/W4399557112","https://openalex.org/W4401928242","https://openalex.org/W4401956849","https://openalex.org/W4402629145","https://openalex.org/W4407439057","https://openalex.org/W4411209162","https://openalex.org/W4411471696","https://openalex.org/W4416869880","https://openalex.org/W7117243343"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7127953498","https://openalex.org/W4403390810","https://openalex.org/W4385663555","https://openalex.org/W4414113623","https://openalex.org/W4398201259","https://openalex.org/W4206094349","https://openalex.org/W4387639265","https://openalex.org/W4311628234","https://openalex.org/W2913246872","https://openalex.org/W7160127485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,94,98,135,138,149,164],"optimal":[4],"design":[5,100,125,166],"parameters":[6],"and":[7,60,76,117,143,183],"operating":[8,140],"conditions":[9],"of":[10,29,74,83,107,114,121,132,190],"a":[11,20,77,104,110,127,177,187,197],"pin\u2010fin":[12,65,105],"cold":[13,66],"plate":[14,38],"to":[15,45,54,171,200],"minimize":[16],"thermal\u2010runaway":[17],"risk":[18],"under":[19],"worst\u2010case":[21],"scenario":[22],"(130":[23],"A":[24,58],"discharge":[25],"current,":[26],"20%":[27],"state":[28],"charge":[30],"[SOC],":[31],"40\u00b0C":[32],"ambient":[33],"temperature)":[34],"for":[35,64],"EVs.":[36],"Cold":[37],"thickness":[39],"was":[40,68,101],"fixed":[41],"at":[42,186],"3":[43],"mm":[44],"meet":[46],"weight":[47],"constraints.":[48],"Temperature\u2010dependent":[49],"fluid":[50],"properties":[51],"were":[52],"considered":[53],"improve":[55],"simulation":[56],"accuracy.":[57],"novel":[59],"scalable":[61,198],"Nusselt":[62],"correlation":[63],"plates":[67],"developed,":[69],"with":[70,88,103,148],"an":[71,118],"R":[72],"2":[73],"0.982":[75],"root":[78],"mean":[79],"squared":[80],"error":[81],"(RMSE)":[82],"0.7078.":[84],"Through":[85],"NSGA\u2010II":[86],"coupled":[87],"regression\u2010based":[89],"surrogate":[90],"models":[91],"trained":[92],"on":[93],"L25":[95],"numerical":[96],"dataset,":[97],"optimum":[99,124,165],"obtained":[102],"diameter":[106],"26.31":[108],"mm,":[109],"volumetric":[111],"flow":[112],"rate":[113],"4.66":[115],"L/min,":[116],"inlet":[119],"temperature":[120,131],"23.12\u00b0C.":[122],"The":[123,193],"achieved":[126],"maximum":[128],"battery":[129,136,202],"contact\u2010surface":[130],"31.87\u00b0C,":[133],"keeping":[134],"within":[137],"ideal":[139],"range":[141],"(15\u00b0C\u201335\u00b0C)":[142],"safety":[144],"limit":[145],"(50\u00b0C).":[146],"Compared":[147],"reference":[150],"Case":[151],"1":[152],"configuration":[153],"(\u0394":[154],"T":[155,169],"cs":[156,170],"=":[157,161],"11.18\u00b0C,":[158],"\u0394":[159,168],"P":[160],"343.38":[162],"Pa),":[163],"reduced":[167],"5.66\u00b0C":[172],"(about":[173],"49%":[174],"improvement),":[175],"achieving":[176],"balanced":[178],"trade\u2010off":[179],"between":[180],"thermal":[181,203],"performance":[182],"hydraulic":[184],"loss":[185],"pressure":[188],"drop":[189],"1073.87":[191],"Pa.":[192],"proposed":[194],"methodology":[195],"provides":[196],"framework":[199],"streamline":[201],"management":[204],"system":[205],"(BTMS)":[206],"design.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}