{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204269523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","title":"Achievement goals, study strategies, and academic performance among early-stage medical students","display_name":"Achievement goals, study strategies, and academic performance among early-stage medical students","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204269523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069486080","display_name":"Henrique Pires Moreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9717-4823","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9717-4823"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122181","display_name":"Unichristus","ror":"https://ror.org/02kt6vs55","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Pires Moreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9717-4823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090869562","display_name":"Marcos Kubrusly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-8109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-8109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122181","display_name":"Unichristus","ror":"https://ror.org/02kt6vs55","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcos Kubrusly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-8109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148297950","display_name":"Layra Sousa Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7757-3234","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7757-3234"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122181","display_name":"Unichristus","ror":"https://ror.org/02kt6vs55","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Layra Sousa Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7757-3234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114821620","display_name":"J\u00falia Mendes do Carmo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1592-7830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1592-7830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122181","display_name":"Unichristus","ror":"https://ror.org/02kt6vs55","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00falia Mendes do Carmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1592-7830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133860372","display_name":"Mar\u00edlia Marques Guimar\u00e3es","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1240-9494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1240-9494"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122181","display_name":"Unichristus","ror":"https://ror.org/02kt6vs55","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marilia Marques Guimar\u00e3es","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1240-9494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060676303","display_name":"Juliana Silva Arruda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1308-5352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1308-5352"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122181","display_name":"Unichristus","ror":"https://ror.org/02kt6vs55","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliana Silva Arruda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1308-5352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088384374","display_name":"Felipe Queiroz Siqueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4345-200X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4345-200X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122181","display_name":"Unichristus","ror":"https://ror.org/02kt6vs55","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felipe Queiroz Siqueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4345-200X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041894068","display_name":"Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9096-0969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9096-0969"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243754102","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03srtnf24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122181","display_name":"Unichristus","ror":"https://ror.org/02kt6vs55","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","Community Health Department, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, R. Papi J\u00fanior, 1223 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo, 5th. Floor, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, CE, 60430-235, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9096-0969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christus University, R. Jo\u00e3o Adolfo Gurgel, 133 - Coc\u00f3, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-180, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122181"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Community Health Department, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, R. Papi J\u00fanior, 1223 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo, 5th. Floor, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, CE, 60430-235, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041894068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102","https://openalex.org/I4210122181"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50732244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.8256999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.8256999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.09910000115633011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13929","display_name":"Educational Outcomes and Influences","score":0.0284000001847744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-goals","display_name":"achievement goals","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mastery-goals","display_name":"mastery goals","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-avoidance-goals","display_name":"performance-avoidance goals","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-approach-goals","display_name":"performance-approach goals","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-habits","display_name":"study habits","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-students","display_name":"medical students","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-regulation","display_name":"student self-regulation","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lecture-slides","display_name":"lecture slides","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-guidance","display_name":"study guidance","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mentoring","display_name":"mentoring","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrinsic-motivation","display_name":"intrinsic motivation","score":0.7400000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776535583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967647","display_name":"Mentorship","level":2,"score":0.7903000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993311118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51379","display_name":"Positive relationship","level":2,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993838110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494230","display_name":"Medical school","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986115478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186290","display_name":"Positive correlation","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22156102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341294","display_name":"Educational measurement","level":3,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778498041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915466","display_name":"Academic year","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51067260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828812","display_name":"Professional development","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159744936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126730","display_name":"Spearman's rank correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122816508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916597","display_name":"Medical psychology","level":3,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2644999921321869}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10248-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8999999761581421}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529717986","https://openalex.org/W2071127695","https://openalex.org/W2029335815","https://openalex.org/W4401706254","https://openalex.org/W4401516947","https://openalex.org/W2521886227","https://openalex.org/W7170198538","https://openalex.org/W7167245782","https://openalex.org/W3189894150","https://openalex.org/W7127065350"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"education":[1],"demands":[2],"rigorous":[3],"self-regulation":[4],"and":[5,16,35,37,56,66,79,101,142,166,184,210,248,255],"effective":[6],"study":[7,23,29,50,83,124,208,223],"strategies,":[8],"yet":[9],"many":[10],"students":[11,59,117,196,220],"struggle":[12],"with":[13,53,148,169,191,226,231],"passive":[14,207],"learning":[15,253],"a":[17,61,70,73,80,144],"lack":[18],"of":[19,44,116,161,219],"formal":[20,222],"guidance.":[21],"This":[22],"investigated":[24],"the":[25,41,129,227],"relationship":[26],"between":[27,64],"preferred":[28],"materials,":[30],"achievement":[31,75],"goals":[32,76,136],"(mastery-approach,":[33],"performance-approach,":[34],"performance-avoidance),":[36],"academic":[38,193,262],"performance":[39,87],"in":[40,181,213],"early":[42],"years":[43],"medical":[45,58,236],"training.":[46],"An":[47],"analytical":[48],"cross-sectional":[49],"was":[51,88,108,188],"conducted":[52],"279":[54],"first-":[55],"second-semester":[57],"at":[60],"Brazilian":[62],"university":[63],"2023":[65],"2024.":[67],"Participants":[68],"completed":[69],"sociodemographic":[71],"survey,":[72],"validated":[74],"scale":[77],"(EMAPRE-U),":[78],"questionnaire":[81],"on":[82,123,206],"resource":[84,132],"usage.":[85],"Academic":[86],"measured":[89],"via":[90],"official":[91],"Grade":[92],"Point":[93],"Average":[94],"(GPA).":[95],"Statistical":[96],"analyses":[97],"included":[98],"Kruskal-Wallis":[99],"tests":[100],"Spearman":[102],"rank-order":[103],"correlations.":[104],"The":[105,216],"mean":[106],"GPA":[107,149,170],"7.91":[109],"(SD":[110],"=":[111,140,151,154,172],"0.80).":[112],"A":[113],"striking":[114],"91.8%":[115],"reported":[118],"never":[119],"receiving":[120],"professional":[121],"guidance":[122],"methods.":[125],"Lecture":[126],"slides":[127],"were":[128,137],"most":[130],"utilized":[131],"(74.9%":[133],"\u201calways\u201d).":[134],"Mastery-approach":[135],"predominant":[138],"(Mean":[139],"2.53)":[141],"showed":[143],"significant":[145],"positive":[146],"correlation":[147],"(rho":[150,171],"0.205;":[152],"p":[153,174],"0.006).":[155],"Conversely,":[156],"performance-avoidance":[157],"behaviors\u2014such":[158],"as":[159],"fear":[160],"asking":[162],"questions\u2014were":[163],"common":[164],"(51.6%)":[165],"negatively":[167],"correlated":[168],"-0.166;":[173],"<":[175],"0.05$).":[176],"Additionally,":[177],"lower":[178],"perceived":[179],"difficulty":[180],"mastering":[182],"content":[183,241],"preparing":[185],"for":[186],"exams":[187],"significantly":[189],"associated":[190],"higher":[192],"success.":[194],"While":[195],"exhibit":[197],"high":[198,217],"intrinsic":[199],"motivation":[200],"(mastery":[201],"orientation),":[202],"they":[203],"rely":[204],"heavily":[205],"materials":[209],"face":[211],"challenges":[212],"self-regulated":[214],"learning.":[215],"prevalence":[218],"without":[221],"guidance,":[224],"combined":[225],"negative":[228],"association":[229],"observed":[230],"avoidance":[232],"goals,":[233],"suggests":[234],"that":[235],"curricula":[237],"must":[238],"go":[239],"beyond":[240],"delivery.":[242],"Institutions":[243],"should":[244],"implement":[245],"structured":[246],"support":[247],"mentorship":[249],"to":[250,259],"foster":[251],"deep":[252],"strategies":[254],"enhance":[256],"students\u2019":[257],"ability":[258],"manage":[260],"extensive":[261],"demands.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
