{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204266643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn26s320","title":"Molecular Typing by RAPD-PCR of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Samarra, Iraq","display_name":"Molecular Typing by RAPD-PCR of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Samarra, Iraq","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204266643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn26s320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.54448/ijn26s320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn26s320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn26s320","pdf_url":"https://ijn.zotarellifilhoscientificworks.com/index.php/ijn/article/download/553/574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764582022","display_name":"International Journal of Nutrology","issn_l":"1984-3011","issn":["1984-3011","2595-2854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321135","host_organization_name":"Georg Thieme Verlag","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321135","https://openalex.org/P4310320000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Georg Thieme Verlag","Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nutrology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204266643"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ijn.zotarellifilhoscientificworks.com/index.php/ijn/article/download/553/574","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118978757","display_name":"Noor Khalid Ismael","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-4743","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-4743"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128808","display_name":"University of Samarra","ror":"https://ror.org/032b60f45","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor Khalid Ismael","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Samarra. Education of Pure Science faculty. Department of Biology, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-4743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Samarra. Education of Pure Science faculty. Department of Biology, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122267678","display_name":"Wahran Khudhair Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2579-2430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2579-2430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128808","display_name":"University of Samarra","ror":"https://ror.org/032b60f45","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wahran Khudhair Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Pathological analysis, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2579-2430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Pathological analysis, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148392168","display_name":"Heba Tallah Mahfoodh Khaleel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5404-5586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5404-5586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128808","display_name":"University of Samarra","ror":"https://ror.org/032b60f45","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heba Tallah Mahfoodh Khaleel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Biotechnology,   Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5404-5586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Biotechnology,   Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134513161","display_name":"Duaa Ahmed Hassan Al-Kailani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duaa Ahmed Hassan Al - Kailani","raw_affiliation_strings":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8318-5769"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8318-5769","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ahmed Suhail Hussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7292-3443","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7292-3443"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128808","display_name":"University of Samarra","ror":"https://ror.org/032b60f45","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Suhail Hussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Biotechnology,   Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7292-3443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Biotechnology,   Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148187042","display_name":"Wisam Ibrahim Al - Darraji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9252-1156","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9252-1156"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128808","display_name":"University of Samarra","ror":"https://ror.org/032b60f45","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wisam Ibrahim Al - Darraji","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Biotechnology,   Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9252-1156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Biotechnology,   Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115704357","display_name":"Younis Walid Younis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0760-7036","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0760-7036"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128808","display_name":"University of Samarra","ror":"https://ror.org/032b60f45","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younis Waleed Younis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Biotechnology,   Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0760-7036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Samarra. Applied Sciences faculty. Department of Biotechnology,   Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128808"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048623913","display_name":"Zeyad Taha Hussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-3989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-3989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72539421","display_name":"University of Tikrit","ror":"https://ror.org/01zfzax10","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72539421"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeyad Taha Hussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tikrit. Veterinary medicine faculty. Department of Microbiology, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-3989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tikrit. Veterinary medicine faculty. Department of Microbiology, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72539421"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"S3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11232","display_name":"Urinary Tract Infections Management","score":0.6161999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2748","display_name":"Urology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11232","display_name":"Urinary Tract Infections Management","score":0.6161999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2748","display_name":"Urology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10943","display_name":"Escherichia coli research studies","score":0.18209999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.06949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urinary-tract-infection","display_name":"urinary tract infection","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram-negative-bacteria","display_name":"Gram-negative bacteria","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapd-pcr","display_name":"RAPD-PCR","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-typing","display_name":"molecular typing","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-diversity","display_name":"genetic diversity","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uropathogens","display_name":"uropathogens","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urinary-isolates","display_name":"urine isolates","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-limited-settings","display_name":"resource-limited settings","score":0.8159999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781209916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3215756","display_name":"Typing","level":2,"score":0.6951000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6945000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97669555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118435","display_name":"Molecular epidemiology","level":4,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81977670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585259","display_name":"Genetic diversity","level":3,"score":0.6583999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.6237000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.5734000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778271344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903395","display_name":"Agarose gel electrophoresis","level":3,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17757408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135516","display_name":"genomic DNA","level":3,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10389963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848328","display_name":"Serotype","level":2,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84623179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102036119","display_name":"RAPD","level":4,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.43220001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68873052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856","display_name":"Genetic variation","level":3,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8185291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2844457","display_name":"Amplicon","level":4,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172777353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374271","display_name":"Genetic variability","level":4,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168007829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857299","display_name":"Restriction fragment length polymorphism","level":4,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79386861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476697","display_name":"DNA profiling","level":3,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77411442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181100","display_name":"Urinary system","level":2,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31467283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912147","display_name":"Genotyping","level":4,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23085057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532877","display_name":"Genetic analysis","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40924","display_name":"Urine","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64618202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3733697","display_name":"Genetic heterogeneity","level":4,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190789776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767511","display_name":"Genetic marker","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116084860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48255","display_name":"Gel electrophoresis","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32762888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235356","display_name":"Carriage","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189539697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125312","display_name":"Microbiological culture","level":3,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.54448/ijn26s320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn26s320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn26s320","pdf_url":"https://ijn.zotarellifilhoscientificworks.com/index.php/ijn/article/download/553/574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764582022","display_name":"International Journal of Nutrology","issn_l":"1984-3011","issn":["1984-3011","2595-2854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321135","host_organization_name":"Georg Thieme Verlag","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321135","https://openalex.org/P4310320000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Georg Thieme Verlag","Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nutrology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.54448/ijn26s320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn26s320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn26s320","pdf_url":"https://ijn.zotarellifilhoscientificworks.com/index.php/ijn/article/download/553/574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764582022","display_name":"International Journal of Nutrology","issn_l":"1984-3011","issn":["1984-3011","2595-2854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321135","host_organization_name":"Georg Thieme Verlag","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321135","https://openalex.org/P4310320000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Georg Thieme Verlag","Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nutrology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204266643.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204266643.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098924644","https://openalex.org/W2981948117","https://openalex.org/W3165491127","https://openalex.org/W4286837153","https://openalex.org/W4324017947","https://openalex.org/W4362590285","https://openalex.org/W4396848445","https://openalex.org/W4406406720","https://openalex.org/W4407341124","https://openalex.org/W4410765849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3208092373","https://openalex.org/W3044830020","https://openalex.org/W7204557667","https://openalex.org/W4416287872","https://openalex.org/W2400803220","https://openalex.org/W7131283634","https://openalex.org/W2939887004","https://openalex.org/W7160990708","https://openalex.org/W7165782370","https://openalex.org/W7131641504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Urinary":[1],"tract":[2,76],"infections":[3,11,77],"(UTIs)":[4],"are":[5,32,239],"among":[6,39,173,200],"the":[7,16,24,64,82,93,149,174,180,187,195,219,243,249],"most":[8],"common":[9],"bacterial":[10,40,69,110],"worldwide.":[12],"Gram-negative":[13,68,109,201],"bacteria":[14],"represent":[15],"main":[17],"causative":[18],"agents":[19],"and":[20,42,126,167,213,235,245],"contribute":[21],"significantly":[22],"to":[23,35,43,54,62,97,123,135,209,241],"clinical":[25,189,244],"burden":[26],"of":[27,67,116,148,154,182,197,222,248],"UTIs.":[28],"Molecular":[29],"typing":[30,216],"methods":[31],"increasingly":[33],"used":[34],"explore":[36],"genetic":[37,65,138,171,198,223,251],"diversity":[38,66,199],"isolates":[41,70,111,120,203],"support":[44],"preliminary":[45,220],"epidemiological":[46,246],"investigations,":[47],"particularly":[48],"in":[49,146,225],"settings":[50],"with":[51,74],"limited":[52],"access":[53],"high-resolution":[55],"genomic":[56],"tools.":[57],"Objective:":[58],"This":[59],"study":[60,104],"aimed":[61],"assess":[63],"recovered":[71],"from":[72,95,113],"patients":[73],"urinary":[75],"at":[78,204],"Samarra":[79,205],"Hospital":[80],"using":[81,131,231],"Random":[83],"Amplified":[84],"Polymorphic":[85],"DNA":[86],"Polymerase":[87],"Chain":[88],"Reaction":[89],"(RAPD-PCR)":[90],"technique":[91],"during":[92],"period":[94],"April":[96],"August":[98],"2024.":[99],"Methods:":[100],"A":[101],"descriptive":[102],"laboratory-based":[103],"was":[105,143],"conducted":[106],"on":[107],"eighteen":[108,150],"obtained":[112,145],"urine":[114],"samples":[115],"UTI":[117],"patients.":[118],"All":[119],"were":[121,129],"subjected":[122],"RAPD-PCR":[124,141,207],"analysis,":[125],"banding":[127,155],"patterns":[128,156,164,178],"evaluated":[130],"agarose":[132],"gel":[133],"electrophoresis":[134],"identify":[136],"distinct":[137,159],"profiles.":[139],"Results:":[140],"amplification":[142],"successfully":[144],"sixteen":[147],"analyzed":[151],"isolates.":[152,175],"Analysis":[153],"revealed":[157],"three":[158],"RAPD":[160],"profiles,":[161],"designated":[162],"as":[163],"A,":[165],"B,":[166],"C,":[168],"indicating":[169],"detectable":[170],"heterogeneity":[172],"The":[176,192],"observed":[177,250],"reflected":[179],"coexistence":[181],"genetically":[183],"diverse":[184],"profiles":[185],"within":[186],"studied":[188],"setting.":[190],"Conclusion:":[191],"findings":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"presence":[196],"uropathogenic":[202],"Hospital.":[206],"proved":[208],"be":[210],"a":[211,226],"practical":[212],"exploratory":[214],"molecular":[215,237],"tool":[217],"for":[218],"assessment":[221],"variability":[224],"resource-limited":[227],"context.":[228],"Further":[229],"studies":[230],"larger":[232],"sample":[233],"sizes":[234],"higher-resolution":[236],"techniques":[238],"recommended":[240],"clarify":[242],"significance":[247],"diversity.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}