{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204265279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","title":"Time Management and Strategic Flexibility in Iraqi Higher Education Institutions: An Applied Study at the University of Anbar","display_name":"Time Management and Strategic Flexibility in Iraqi Higher Education Institutions: An Applied Study at the University of Anbar","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204265279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174049","display_name":"Journal of Economics Management and Trade","issn_l":"2456-9216","issn":["2456-9216"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics, Management and Trade","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138867913","display_name":"Rosa Saeed Abed AlHadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5675-0517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5675-0517"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155316","display_name":"Al-Bayan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d2spn76","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155316"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rosa Saeed Abdulhadi Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5675-0517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155316"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138854725","display_name":"Ayman Read Abd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8178-8891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8178-8891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270746","display_name":"Al-Hikma University College","ror":"https://ror.org/018gk6662","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270746"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Read Abd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, AL Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8178-8891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, AL Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270746"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5138867913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155316"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"9","first_page":"53","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.24120000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.24120000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13580","display_name":"Management and Performance Evaluation","score":0.18529999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12815","display_name":"Management and Organizational Practices","score":0.1289999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-management","display_name":"time management","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-flexibility","display_name":"strategic flexibility","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-institutions","display_name":"higher education institutions","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-administration","display_name":"university administration","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-planning","display_name":"time planning","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-organization","display_name":"time organization","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-control","display_name":"time control","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-time","display_name":"direction of time","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing-flexibility","display_name":"marketing flexibility","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-of-engineering","display_name":"College of Engineering","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraqi-higher-education","display_name":"Iraqi higher education","score":0.6330000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7258999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5641000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166235249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355217","display_name":"Time management","level":2,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48243021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932522","display_name":"Strategic planning","level":2,"score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.4526999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86275758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376657","display_name":"Strategic management","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779093747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79621057","display_name":"Full-time","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202372285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056396","display_name":"Human resource management","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198783460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629173","display_name":"Management system","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149769383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520804","display_name":"Simple linear regression","level":3,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123961466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061970","display_name":"Change management (ITSM)","level":3,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58546491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207","display_name":"Competitive advantage","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98825075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485643","display_name":"Customer relationship management","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59751","display_name":"Stakeholder management","level":3,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174049","display_name":"Journal of Economics Management and Trade","issn_l":"2456-9216","issn":["2456-9216"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics, Management and Trade","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journaljemt.com:article/1463","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journaljemt.com/index.php/JEMT/article/view/1463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174049","display_name":"Journal of Economics Management and Trade","issn_l":"2456-9216","issn":["2456-9216"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2456-9216","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05728825v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05728825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 2026, 32 (9), pp.53-62","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2026/v32i91463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174049","display_name":"Journal of Economics Management and Trade","issn_l":"2456-9216","issn":["2456-9216"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics, Management and Trade","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392953644","https://openalex.org/W7220413243","https://openalex.org/W4303685320","https://openalex.org/W2907272372","https://openalex.org/W7128064224","https://openalex.org/W4407124894","https://openalex.org/W2986429286","https://openalex.org/W2200647671","https://openalex.org/W1586820942","https://openalex.org/W7154904068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Higher":[1],"education":[2,58,297],"institutions":[3],"operate":[4],"in":[5,55,72,141],"increasingly":[6],"dynamic":[7],"environments":[8],"characterised":[9],"by":[10,32],"technological":[11],"change,":[12,112],"evolving":[13],"stakeholder":[14],"expectations,":[15],"resource":[16],"constraints,":[17],"and":[18,38,49,115,138,165,179,194,230,237,298,320],"growing":[19],"administrative":[20,139,305],"demands.":[21,120],"In":[22],"this":[23],"context,":[24,76],"effective":[25],"time":[26,67,103,159,161,163,166,235,250,279,301,322],"management":[27,68,153,200,236,251,280,302],"may":[28],"support":[29,105,309],"institutional":[30],"responsiveness":[31],"improving":[33],"the":[34,43,64,78,83,88,95,142],"planning,":[35,160,317],"organisation,":[36],"control,":[37,164],"direction":[39],"of":[40,66,80,85,102,144,278],"activities.":[41],"However,":[42],"relationship":[44,233],"between":[45,234],"managerial":[46,100],"time-management":[47],"practices":[48],"strategic":[50,70,214,238,258,286,310],"flexibility":[51,71,169,215,239,259],"remains":[52],"insufficiently":[53],"examined":[54],"Iraqi":[56,74,295],"higher":[57,296],"institutions.":[59],"Aim:":[60],"This":[61],"study":[62,92,290],"examines":[63],"effect":[65,256],"on":[69,257,285],"an":[73,132,304],"higher-education":[75],"using":[77,185],"College":[79,143],"Engineering":[81],"at":[82,203],"University":[84],"Anbar":[86],"as":[87,303],"field":[89],"setting.":[90],"The":[91,146,289,312],"responds":[93],"to":[94,97,108,110,118,136,327,329],"need":[96],"understand":[98],"how":[99],"use":[101],"can":[104,308,323],"universities'":[106,325],"ability":[107],"adapt":[109],"environmental":[111],"reorganize":[113],"priorities,":[114],"respond":[116,328],"rapidly":[117],"emerging":[119],"Methodology:":[121],"A":[122],"descriptive-analytical":[123],"design":[124],"was":[125,154,170,201,216],"used.":[126],"Primary":[127],"data":[128],"were":[129,183],"collected":[130],"through":[131,156,172,187],"electronic":[133],"questionnaire":[134],"administered":[135],"academic":[137],"personnel":[140],"Engineering.":[145],"usable":[147],"sample":[148],"comprised":[149],"188":[150],"respondents.":[151],"Time":[152,199],"operationalised":[155],"four":[157,276],"dimensions:":[158],"organization,":[162],"direction.":[167],"Strategic":[168],"measured":[171],"service-delivery":[173],"flexibility,":[174,176,178],"marketing":[175],"competitive":[177],"human-capital":[180],"flexibility.":[181,287,311],"Data":[182],"analysed":[184],"SPSS":[186],"descriptive":[188],"statistics,":[189],"Cronbach's":[190],"alpha,":[191],"Pearson":[192,225],"correlation,":[193],"simple":[195],"linear":[196],"regression.":[197],"Findings:":[198],"practised":[202],"a":[204,228,253],"high":[205,218],"level":[206],"(M":[207,219],"=":[208,211,220,223,241,261,264,267,270],"4.79,":[209],"SD":[210,222],"0.26),":[212],"while":[213],"also":[217],"4.81,":[221],"0.29).":[224],"correlation":[226],"indicated":[227],"positive":[229,255,283],"statistically":[231],"significant":[232,254,282],"(r":[240],".606,":[242],"p":[243,272],"<":[244,273],".001).":[245,274],"Simple":[246],"regression":[247],"showed":[248],"that":[249,307,315],"had":[252,281],"(R":[260],".649,":[262],"R\u00b2":[263],".421,":[265],"\u03b2":[266],".725,":[268],"F":[269],"135.032,":[271],"All":[275],"dimensions":[277],"effects":[284],"Conclusion:":[288],"contributes":[291],"contextual":[292],"evidence":[293],"from":[294],"conceptually":[299],"positions":[300],"capability":[306],"findings":[313],"indicate":[314],"strengthening":[316],"organizing,":[318],"controlling,":[319],"directing":[321],"improve":[324],"capacity":[326],"change.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
