{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204260154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.24857","title":"Prompt Structure Redistributes, Not Reduces: An Empirical Analysis of Security-Weaknesses in LLM-Generated Python Code","display_name":"Prompt Structure Redistributes, Not Reduces: An Empirical Analysis of Security-Weaknesses in LLM-Generated Python Code","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204260154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.24857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.24857","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24857","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24857","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148303719","display_name":"Maitreyee Das Urmi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urmi, Maitreyee Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toronto Metropolitan University , Toronto , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Metropolitan University , Toronto , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141091482","display_name":"Jessica Pourleyli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6995-514X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6995-514X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pourleyli, Jessica","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toronto Metropolitan University , Toronto , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Metropolitan University , Toronto , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145963380","display_name":"Fabio Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8069-3158","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8069-3158"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santos, Fabio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University , Fort Collins , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University , Fort Collins , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123813733","display_name":"Glaucia Melo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melo, Glaucia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toronto Metropolitan University , Toronto , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Metropolitan University , Toronto , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.6557999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.6557999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.21860000491142273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.060100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-generated-code","display_name":"LLM-generated code","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prompt-engineering","display_name":"prompt engineering","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python-source-code","display_name":"Python code","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-drift","display_name":"semantic drift","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llama","display_name":"llamas","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandits","display_name":"bandits","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codeql","display_name":"CodeQL","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refusal","display_name":"refusal","score":0.6079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7232000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6780999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.6495000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5223000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988963302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629206","display_name":"Program code","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780247198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633403","display_name":"Weakness","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88482812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6453666","display_name":"Modular programming","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.24857","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24857","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.24857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.24857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.24857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.24857","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24857","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204260154.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204260154.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166843433","https://openalex.org/W7162469128","https://openalex.org/W7134901749","https://openalex.org/W4410415947","https://openalex.org/W4415524094","https://openalex.org/W7162424107","https://openalex.org/W7165014276","https://openalex.org/W7169756404","https://openalex.org/W7124946063","https://openalex.org/W7103987345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"increasingly":[4],"generate":[5,53],"code":[6],"from":[7,101],"natural-language":[8],"prompts,":[9],"making":[10],"prompt":[11,62,164],"engineering":[12],"a":[13],"key":[14],"mechanism":[15],"for":[16,173],"shaping":[17],"the":[18],"security":[19,69,84,175],"of":[20,103],"generated":[21],"software.":[22],"Structured":[23,91],"and":[24,57,68,71,76,83,88],"security-oriented":[25,111],"prompts":[26,123,154],"are":[27,42],"widely":[28],"used":[29],"to":[30,105,131,138],"encourage":[31],"safer":[32],"code,":[33],"yet":[34],"their":[35],"effects":[36],"extend":[37],"beyond":[38],"whether":[39],"detected":[40],"weaknesses":[41],"simply":[43],"present":[44],"or":[45,157],"absent.":[46],"Using":[47],"424":[48,104],"security-sensitive":[49],"Python":[50],"tasks,":[51],"we":[52],"solutions":[54],"with":[55,74],"GPT-4o":[56,97],"LLaMA":[58,140],"3.1-8B":[59],"under":[60],"five":[61],"variants":[63],"that":[64],"progressively":[65],"add":[66],"structural":[67],"guidance,":[70],"evaluate":[72],"them":[73],"Bandit":[75],"CodeQL":[77],"along":[78],"two":[79],"axes:":[80],"generation":[81],"compliance":[82,167],"weakness":[85,118],"prevalence,":[86],"severity,":[87],"CWE":[89],"distributions.":[90],"prompting":[92],"substantially":[93],"reduces":[94],"refusals":[95],"(e.g.,":[96],"invalid":[98],"outputs":[99],"drop":[100],"338":[102],"37-52),":[106],"enabling":[107],"large-scale":[108],"analysis,":[109],"but":[110,168],"refinements":[112],"do":[113],"not":[114],"consistently":[115],"reduce":[116],"overall":[117],"prevalence.":[119],"For":[120],"GPT-4o,":[121],"stronger":[122],"primarily":[124],"redistribute":[125],"risk:":[126],"high-severity":[127],"findings":[128,135],"fall":[129],"(20.8%":[130],"13.6%)":[132],"while":[133],"low-severity":[134],"rise":[136],"(32%":[137],"43.5%);":[139],"shows":[141],"weaker,":[142],"less":[143],"consistent":[144],"shifts.":[145],"We":[146],"also":[147],"observe":[148],"security-driven":[149],"semantic":[150],"drift,":[151],"where":[152],"stricter":[153],"silently":[155],"remove":[156],"rewrite":[158],"explicitly":[159],"requested":[160],"unsafe":[161],"constructs.":[162],"Overall,":[163],"structure":[165],"improves":[166],"is":[169],"an":[170],"unreliable":[171],"substitute":[172],"robust":[174],"controls":[176],"in":[177],"LLM-assisted":[178],"development.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
