{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204258941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","title":"State-of-Polarization Sensing with Coherent Transponders in Live Submarine Links: Noise Analysis, Processing Improvements and Practical Implications","display_name":"State-of-Polarization Sensing with Coherent Transponders in Live Submarine Links: Noise Analysis, Processing Improvements and Practical Implications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204258941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000180310","display_name":"Mohammad M. Hosseini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-3536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-3536"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mohammad Hosseini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-3536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103628115","display_name":"Giuseppe Parisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7125-4585","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7125-4585"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Parisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049036923","display_name":"Miquel Masanas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-4872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-4872"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miquel Masanas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029274526","display_name":"Antonio Mecozzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8730-5699","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8730-5699"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Mecozzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of L'Aquila"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8730-5699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L'Aquila","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026530941","display_name":"Alberto Marullo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4120-5109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4120-5109"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Marullo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sparkle"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sparkle","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119759006","display_name":"Danilo Decaroli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0839-9331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0839-9331"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo Decaroli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sparkle"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sparkle","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037817546","display_name":"Sasipim Srivallapanondh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9465-8801","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9465-8801"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sasipim Srivallapanondh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078956278","display_name":"Antonio Napoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-9274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-9274"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Napoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000180310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13885","display_name":"Geophysics and Sensor Technology","score":0.5224999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13885","display_name":"Geophysics and Sensor Technology","score":0.5224999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.1873999983072281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.10209999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismic-sensing","display_name":"seismic sensing","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplified-spontaneous-emission-noise","display_name":"amplified spontaneous emission noise","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"digital signal processing","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earthquake-detection","display_name":"earthquake detection","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-sensing","display_name":"distributed sensing","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121327165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2811","display_name":"Submarine","level":2,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187612029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083130","display_name":"Noise floor","level":4,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.46650001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100675267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371624","display_name":"Background noise","level":2,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183121708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209867","display_name":"Telemetry","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203234222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133519","display_name":"Noise power","level":3,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70970002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189434","display_name":"Multiplexer","level":3,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165699331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461533","display_name":"Wavefront","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30947920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133491","display_name":"Seismic noise","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161325326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197961","display_name":"Optical fiber cable","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25227671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13405516","display_name":"Near and far field","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10680767/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226410629","https://openalex.org/W4393300280","https://openalex.org/W7202171071","https://openalex.org/W3129547096","https://openalex.org/W4391087526","https://openalex.org/W4226283341","https://openalex.org/W4392577471","https://openalex.org/W3117505171","https://openalex.org/W4414596298","https://openalex.org/W3216966487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Submarine":[1],"optical":[2],"communication":[3],"cables":[4],"are":[5],"increasingly":[6],"considered":[7],"as":[8,23],"global":[9],"geophysical":[10],"sensing":[11,31,70],"infrastructure":[12],"thanks":[13],"to":[14,81,213],"coherent":[15,33],"transponders,":[16],"which":[17],"can":[18,174],"continuously":[19],"monitor":[20],"information":[21],"such":[22],"SOP":[24,30],"fluctuations":[25],"during":[26],"data":[27],"transmission.":[28],"While":[29],"with":[32],"receivers":[34],"has":[35],"demonstrated":[36],"substantial":[37],"potential,":[38],"its":[39],"sensitivity":[40],"in":[41,72,197],"deployed":[42,199],"networks":[43],"is":[44,141,195],"limited":[45],"by":[46],"multiple":[47,207],"noise":[48,62,153,179,193],"mechanisms,":[49],"receiver-induced":[50],"estimation":[51,152],"artifacts,":[52],"and":[53,74,77,100,111,124,170,177,201,224,234],"telemetry":[54,162],"constraints.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"work,":[58],"we":[59],"characterize":[60],"the":[61,69,88,135,151,191,236],"processes":[63],"governing":[64],"coherent-transponder-based":[65],"polarization":[66,90,98,244],"sensing,":[67],"verify":[68],"response":[71],"laboratory":[73,146],"field":[75],"environments,":[76],"assess":[78],"signal-processing":[79],"strategies":[80],"enhance":[82],"seismic":[83,139,215],"detectability.":[84],"We":[85,158],"show":[86,159],"that":[87,134,150,160,190],"measured":[89],"PSD":[91],"exhibits":[92],"two":[93],"regimes:":[94],"(i)":[95],"intrinsic":[96],"fiber-induced":[97],"diffusion,":[99],"(ii)":[101],"a":[102,128,218],"frequency-independent":[103],"estimation-noise":[104,143],"floor":[105],"arising":[106],"from":[107,185],"ASE,":[108],"electrical":[109],"noise,":[110],"receiver":[112],"DSP.":[113],"The":[114],"transition":[115],"between":[116,120],"these":[117],"regimes":[118],"occurs":[119],"approximately":[121],"0.01":[122],"Hz":[123,126,130,138],"0.1":[125,136],"for":[127],"2":[129],"sampling":[131,163],"rate,":[132],"implying":[133],"Hz\u20131":[137],"band":[140],"predominantly":[142],"limited.":[144],"Controlled":[145],"noise-loading":[147],"experiments":[148],"confirm":[149,189],"depends":[154],"on":[155],"transmission":[156],"quality.":[157],"increased":[161],"rates,":[164],"digital":[165],"SC":[166],"fusion,":[167],"principal-component-based":[168],"processing,":[169],"differential":[171],"quaternion":[172],"tracking":[173],"reduce":[175],"incoherent":[176],"anisotropic":[178],"or":[180],"processing":[181],"artifacts.":[182],"Field":[183],"measurements":[184],"Mediterranean":[186],"submarine":[187],"links":[188],"same":[192],"structure":[194],"present":[196],"all":[198],"systems":[200],"provide":[202],"clear":[203],"earthquake":[204,232],"observations":[205],"across":[206],"cable":[208],"routes.":[209],"Robust":[210],"regression":[211],"applied":[212],"17":[214],"events":[216],"yields":[217],"magnitude":[219],"scaling":[220],"coefficient":[221],"of":[222,227,243],"2.5":[223],"distance":[225],"exponent":[226],"\u22121.4":[228],",":[229,238],"supporting":[230],"practical":[231],"detection":[233],"emphasizing":[235],"distributed":[237],"path":[239],"-":[240,245],"integrated":[241],"nature":[242],"based":[246],"measurement.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}