{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204255230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","title":"Speakers Use Indirect Language to Pursue Their Own Goals While Managing Social Relationships","display_name":"Speakers Use Indirect Language to Pursue Their Own Goals While Managing Social Relationships","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204255230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42903995","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13682634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/opmi.a.388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488191322","display_name":"Open Mind","issn_l":"2470-2986","issn":["2470-2986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045487634","display_name":"Nicole Gotzner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-4518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-4518"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170658231","display_name":"Osnabr\u00fcck University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qmmjx98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170658231"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Gotzner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science Institute, Osnabr\u00fcck University, Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-4518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science Institute, Osnabr\u00fcck University, Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170658231"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051929744","display_name":"Gregory Scontras","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Scontras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Language Science, University of California, Irvine, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Language Science, University of California, Irvine, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045487634"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170658231"],"apc_list":{"value":950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":950},"apc_paid":{"value":950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":950},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52823486,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1470","last_page":"1481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10383","display_name":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","score":0.7997999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10383","display_name":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","score":0.7997999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.15639999508857727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12119","display_name":"Linguistics and Discourse Analysis","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indirect-language","display_name":"indirect language","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negation","display_name":"negation","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluative-adjectives","display_name":"evaluative adjectives","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-loopholes","display_name":"legal loopholes","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politeness-theory","display_name":"politeness theory","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-image","display_name":"self-image","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-threat","display_name":"face threat","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pragmatics","display_name":"pragmatics","score":0.7889999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2185349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190558","display_name":"Negation","level":2,"score":0.771399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7339000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61123122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281287","display_name":"Politeness","level":2,"score":0.7268999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6801000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987946170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relationship","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777877512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116097","display_name":"Common ground","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11693617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181839","display_name":"Pragmatics","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/opmi.a.388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488191322","display_name":"Open Mind","issn_l":"2470-2986","issn":["2470-2986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13682634","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13682634/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13682634/pdf/opmi-10-1470.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind (Camb)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42903995","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42903995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/opmi.a.388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488191322","display_name":"Open Mind","issn_l":"2470-2986","issn":["2470-2986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204255230.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204255230.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982901817","https://openalex.org/W2022792389","https://openalex.org/W2045656233","https://openalex.org/W2116173728","https://openalex.org/W2128205443","https://openalex.org/W2153987094","https://openalex.org/W2166447941","https://openalex.org/W2326610611","https://openalex.org/W2414468490","https://openalex.org/W2749069611","https://openalex.org/W2766306331","https://openalex.org/W2801776818","https://openalex.org/W2884133857","https://openalex.org/W2900456377","https://openalex.org/W3005863999","https://openalex.org/W3154999530","https://openalex.org/W3203149693","https://openalex.org/W4231533450","https://openalex.org/W4235064857","https://openalex.org/W4379615525","https://openalex.org/W4394908595","https://openalex.org/W4401833042","https://openalex.org/W4402276141","https://openalex.org/W4412458817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394908595","https://openalex.org/W2075407140","https://openalex.org/W2276005206","https://openalex.org/W2166447941","https://openalex.org/W2492167252","https://openalex.org/W2559049352","https://openalex.org/W4391336426","https://openalex.org/W2787205448","https://openalex.org/W2153987094","https://openalex.org/W2558327989"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,32,95,114],"test":[2],"three":[3],"theories":[4,87],"of":[5,10,68,82,111],"the":[6,61,66,78,104,108,124,139],"use":[7,60,147],"and":[8,27,39,85],"interpretation":[9,21,110],"indirect":[11,148],"language":[12,149],"by":[13,65,92],"manipulating":[14],"speaker":[15,49,125],"interaction":[16,80],"styles,":[17],"focusing":[18],"on":[19],"an":[20,73],"asymmetry":[22],"that":[23,34,58,101,118,123,145],"has":[24],"puzzled":[25],"philosophers":[26],"grammarians":[28],"since":[29],"Greek":[30],"antiquity.":[31],"observe":[33],"negated":[35,112],"evaluatively-positive":[36],"(not":[37,41],"happy)":[38],"evaluatively-negative":[40,74],"sad)":[42],"adjectives":[43],"are":[44,88,103],"interpreted":[45],"asymmetrically":[46],"for":[47],"a":[48,134],"who":[50],"regularly":[51],"uses":[52],"loopholes.":[53],"Our":[54],"results":[55,98,143],"provide":[56],"evidence":[57,100,117],"speakers":[59,146],"loophole":[62],"opened":[63],"up":[64],"indirectness":[67],"negation":[69],"to":[70,150],"plausibly":[71],"deny":[72],"meaning.":[75],"In":[76],"contrast,":[77],"predicted":[79],"effects":[81],"competing":[83],"politeness":[84],"Pollyanna-based":[86],"not":[89],"borne":[90],"out":[91],"our":[93,142],"experiments.":[94],"interpret":[96],"these":[97],"as":[99],"loopholes":[102],"key":[105],"mechanism":[106],"driving":[107],"asymmetric":[109],"statements.":[113],"also":[115],"find":[116],"hearers":[119],"take":[120],"into":[121],"account":[122],"protects":[126],"their":[127,152,157],"own":[128,153],"self-image":[129],"rather":[130],"than":[131],"just":[132],"mitigating":[133],"potential":[135],"face-threat":[136],"posed":[137],"towards":[138],"hearer.":[140],"Overall,":[141],"suggest":[144],"pursue":[151],"goals":[154],"while":[155],"managing":[156],"social":[158],"relationships.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
