{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204253215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","title":"The reliability of answers about root canal retreatment provided by artificial intelligence chatbots","display_name":"The reliability of answers about root canal retreatment provided by artificial intelligence chatbots","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204253215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208574","display_name":"JADA Foundational Science","issn_l":"2772-414X","issn":["2772-414X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JADA Foundational Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120810587","display_name":"Gamze Ebrar Nalbant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0783-9069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0783-9069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45642913","display_name":"K\u0131r\u0131kkale University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zhwwf82","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gamze Ebrar Nalbant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0783-9069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120810586","display_name":"Tansu Merve Besparmak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-4932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-4932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45642913","display_name":"K\u0131r\u0131kkale University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zhwwf82","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tansu Merve Besparmak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-4932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126414967","display_name":"\u015eeyma Atl\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8075-2257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8075-2257"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45642913","display_name":"K\u0131r\u0131kkale University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zhwwf82","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u015eeyma Atli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8075-2257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068830814","display_name":"Ali T\u00fcrky\u0131lmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0641-0062","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0641-0062"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45642913","display_name":"K\u0131r\u0131kkale University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zhwwf82","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Turkyilmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0641-0062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000759835","display_name":"Ali Erdemir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-3887","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-3887"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45642913","display_name":"K\u0131r\u0131kkale University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zhwwf82","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Erdemir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-3887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120810587"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"100081","last_page":"100081"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10737","display_name":"Health Literacy and Information Accessibility","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12027","display_name":"Social Media in Health Education","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-chatbots","display_name":"AI chatbots","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endodontic-retreatment","display_name":"endodontic retreatment","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gemini-1-5-pro","display_name":"Gemini 1.5 Pro","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepseek-v3","display_name":"DeepSeek-V3","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-education","display_name":"patient education","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequently-asked-questions","display_name":"frequently asked questions","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-reliability","display_name":"response reliability","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-rater-reliability","display_name":"inter-rater reliability","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discern","display_name":"DISCERN","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endodontics","display_name":"endodontics","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6916999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5281000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208574","display_name":"JADA Foundational Science","issn_l":"2772-414X","issn":["2772-414X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JADA Foundational Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfscie.2026.100081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208574","display_name":"JADA Foundational Science","issn_l":"2772-414X","issn":["2772-414X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JADA Foundational Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952988453","https://openalex.org/W2133300176","https://openalex.org/W2327037637","https://openalex.org/W3029568211","https://openalex.org/W3153990350","https://openalex.org/W4387472364","https://openalex.org/W4389993479","https://openalex.org/W4390706717","https://openalex.org/W4390935802","https://openalex.org/W4391027805","https://openalex.org/W4392894031","https://openalex.org/W4393029358","https://openalex.org/W4394630908","https://openalex.org/W4401275797","https://openalex.org/W4403923606","https://openalex.org/W4406278099","https://openalex.org/W4406282536","https://openalex.org/W4407058940","https://openalex.org/W4407340860","https://openalex.org/W4408117147","https://openalex.org/W4408300321","https://openalex.org/W4409220323","https://openalex.org/W4409371365","https://openalex.org/W4409814635","https://openalex.org/W4409816270","https://openalex.org/W4410601954","https://openalex.org/W4410612872","https://openalex.org/W4411568063","https://openalex.org/W4416595411","https://openalex.org/W7138395334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415172320","https://openalex.org/W7204229013","https://openalex.org/W7160871687","https://openalex.org/W4409816270","https://openalex.org/W7126280474","https://openalex.org/W7168384307","https://openalex.org/W4411690548","https://openalex.org/W4412661946","https://openalex.org/W7161650220","https://openalex.org/W7171678440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Easily":[1],"accessible":[2],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)-based":[5],"chatbots":[6,35,83,271],"can":[7,272],"serve":[8],"as":[9,252,262],"a":[10,18,110],"consulting":[11],"tool":[12],"for":[13],"patients":[14,61],"before":[15],"meeting":[16],"with":[17],"dentist.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21],"aimed":[22],"to":[23,36,62,79],"evaluate":[24],"and":[25,67,97,119,145,177,189,238,249,260,276],"compare":[26],"the":[27,41,53,98,135,196,217,243],"reliability":[28,131],"of":[29,43,123,152,257],"answers":[30],"provided":[31],"by":[32,60,106],"different":[33,81],"AI":[34,82],"frequently":[37,55],"asked":[38,56,77],"questions":[39,49,57,75,275],"in":[40,255,265],"field":[42],"root":[44],"canal":[45],"retreatment.":[46,269],"Methods":[47],"The":[48,73,120],"were":[50,76,103,140,171,223],"obtained":[51],"from":[52],"most":[54],"about":[58],"retreatment":[59],"endodontists":[63],"(n":[64,70,100],"=":[65,71,101,231],"10)":[66],"ChatGPT-4":[68,211],"(OpenAI)":[69],"10).":[72],"20":[74],"once":[78],"5":[80],"(ChatGPT-4,":[84],"ChatGPT-4o":[85,176,237],"[OpenAI],":[86],"Gemini":[87,91,178,192,239],"1.5":[88,92,179,193,240],"Flash":[89,194],"[Google],":[90,94],"Pro":[93,180,241],"DeepSeek-V.3":[95],"[High-Flyer]),":[96],"responses":[99],"100)":[102],"independently":[104],"evaluated":[105],"3":[107],"researchers":[108],"using":[109,142],"modified":[111,116],"Global":[112],"Quality":[113],"Score":[114],"(GQS),":[115],"DISCERN":[117],"(mDISCERN),":[118],"Completeness,":[121],"Lack":[122],"Misinformation,":[124],"Evidence,":[125],"Appropriateness,":[126],"Relevance":[127],"(CLEAR)":[128],"tools.":[129],"Interrater":[130],"was":[132,163],"assessed":[133],"via":[134],"intraclass":[136],"correlation":[137,166],"coefficient.":[138],"Data":[139],"analyzed":[141],"Kruskal-Wallis":[143],"H":[144],"post":[146],"hoc":[147],"Mann-Whitney":[148],"U":[149],"tests":[150],"because":[151],"nonnormal":[153],"distribution":[154],"(":[155,200,229],"P":[156,201,233],"<":[157,202,234],".05).":[158,203,235],"Results":[159],"High":[160],"interrater":[161],"agreement":[162],"observed":[164],"(intraclass":[165],"coefficient,":[167],"0.87-0.94).":[168],"Significant":[169],"differences":[170],"identified":[172],"across":[173,186],"all":[174,183,226],"platforms.":[175],"consistently":[181],"outperformed":[182],"other":[184],"models":[185],"GQS,":[187,247],"mDISCERN,":[188,248],"CLEAR.":[190],"Conversely,":[191],"showed":[195,242],"significantly":[197,206],"lowest":[198],"performance":[199,245],"DeepSeek-V3":[204],"achieved":[205],"higher":[207],"mDISCERN":[208],"scores":[209,215],"than":[210,216],"despite":[212],"lower":[213],"GQS":[214],"top-performing":[218],"models.":[219],"Strong":[220],"positive":[221],"correlations":[222],"found":[224],"among":[225],"evaluation":[227],"scales":[228],"r":[230],"0.67-0.73;":[232],"Conclusions":[236],"highest":[244],"on":[246],"CLEAR,":[250],"serving":[251],"reliable":[253],"tools":[254,264],"terms":[256],"accuracy":[258],"rates":[259],"usable":[261],"trustworthy":[263],"patient":[266,274],"education":[267],"regarding":[268],"AI-based":[270],"answer":[273],"provide":[277],"health-related":[278],"information,":[279],"but":[280],"they":[281],"cannot":[282],"replace":[283],"professional":[284],"medical":[285],"advice.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}