{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204251328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","title":"Zero-Dynamics Attack With Adjustable Destructiveness and Stealthiness Against Automatic Voltage Regulators in Power System","display_name":"Zero-Dynamics Attack With Adjustable Destructiveness and Stealthiness Against Automatic Voltage Regulators in Power System","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204251328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373129","display_name":"Heng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-3892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-3892","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6215-7251","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0963-2030"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801481043","display_name":"Jiangsu Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/031zps173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Ocean University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-3892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Ocean University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138082215","display_name":"Tianpei LI","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4392-1887","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4392-1887"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801481043","display_name":"Jiangsu Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/031zps173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianpei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Ocean University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4392-1887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Ocean University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103250071","display_name":"Endong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-288X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-288X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136682","display_name":"Heze University","ror":"https://ror.org/041zje040","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Endong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heze University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heze University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001811622","display_name":"Qiang Shawn Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1842-6116","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1842-6116"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801481043","display_name":"Jiangsu Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/031zps173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Ocean University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1842-6116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Ocean University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409861","display_name":"Jian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-9351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-9351","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5763-3497"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801481043","display_name":"Jiangsu Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/031zps173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Ocean University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-9351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Ocean University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148209376","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5647-1792","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5647-1792"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801481043","display_name":"Jiangsu Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/031zps173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Ocean University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5647-1792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Ocean University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801481043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-dynamics-attacks","display_name":"zero-dynamics attacks","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-voltage-regulator","display_name":"automatic voltage regulator","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-cyberattack","display_name":"power system cyberattack","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-stealthiness","display_name":"attack stealthiness","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator-voltage-regulation","display_name":"generator voltage control","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-stability","display_name":"power system stability","score":0.6610000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5698000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985592304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Power system harmonics","level":4,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64424096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750454","display_name":"Power factor","level":3,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110706871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851210","display_name":"Voltage regulator","level":3,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989121073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309019","display_name":"Transient analysis","level":3,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196796808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132629","display_name":"Electrical network","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151799858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587008","display_name":"Switched-mode power supply","level":3,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2412688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503732","display_name":"Protective relay","level":4,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144534570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5325","display_name":"Inductor","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167123822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automatic control","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196226539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940752","display_name":"Voltage regulation","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3717725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6302737211","display_name":"\u9488\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b89\u5168\u4f18\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61873106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954940468","https://openalex.org/W7128303483","https://openalex.org/W2326667623","https://openalex.org/W2047082945","https://openalex.org/W3138287198","https://openalex.org/W7167230339","https://openalex.org/W7159813850","https://openalex.org/W7160017286","https://openalex.org/W7165770505","https://openalex.org/W7151884806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103],"automatic":[1],"voltage":[2,24],"regulator":[3],"(AVR)":[4],"plays":[5],"a":[6,54,122,136,165],"vital":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,59,125],"ensuring":[10],"the":[11,18,44,61,66,74,78,90,97,100,107,110,132,142,147,150],"stability":[12],"of":[13,48,65,77,89,99,112],"power":[14],"systems":[15],"by":[16,72],"regulating":[17],"generator\u2019s":[19],"output":[20],"voltage.":[21],"Maintaining":[22],"consistent":[23],"levels":[25],"is":[26,93,172],"essential":[27],"for":[28],"reliable":[29],"system":[30,92],"operation.":[31],"However,":[32],"emerging":[33],"cyber":[34],"threats,":[35],"particularly":[36],"zero-dynamics":[37,56,130,187],"attacks":[38],"(ZDAs),":[39],"pose":[40],"severe":[41],"challenges":[42],"to":[43,95,128],"integrity":[45],"and":[46,63,81,155,185],"security":[47],"such":[49],"systems.":[50],"This":[51],"article":[52],"presents":[53],"novel":[55],"attack":[57,67,108,153],"framework,":[58],"which":[60],"destructiveness":[62,154],"stealthiness":[64,156],"can":[68,157],"be":[69,158],"systematically":[70],"tuned":[71],"modifying":[73],"coefficient":[75],"matrix":[76],"injected":[79],"signal":[80,148],"incorporating":[82],"an":[83],"auxiliary":[84],"term.":[85],"A":[86],"mathematical":[87],"model":[88],"AVR":[91,143],"developed":[94],"analyze":[96],"impact":[98],"proposed":[101,133],"attack.":[102],"results":[104,175],"indicate":[105],"that":[106,177],"accelerates":[109],"divergence":[111],"internal":[113],"states,":[114],"thereby":[115],"increasing":[116],"its":[117],"destructive":[118],"potential,":[119],"albeit":[120],"with":[121],"moderate":[123],"reduction":[124],"stealth.":[126],"Compared":[127],"conventional":[129],"attack,":[131],"strategy":[134],"demonstrates":[135],"significantly":[137],"faster":[138],"destabilizing":[139],"effect":[140],"on":[141],"system.":[144],"By":[145],"adjusting":[146],"parameters,":[149],"balance":[151],"between":[152],"flexibly":[159],"controlled.":[160],"To":[161],"counter":[162],"this":[163,178],"threat,":[164],"proactive":[166],"defense":[167,179],"method":[168],"using":[169],"controller":[170],"switching":[171],"proposed.":[173],"Simulation":[174],"demonstrate":[176],"successfully":[180],"defends":[181],"against":[182],"both":[183],"standard":[184],"enhanced":[186],"attacks.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
