{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204249334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","title":"ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICIES AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA: AN EVALUATION OF THE INDEPENDENT CORRUPT PRACTICES AND OTHER RELATED OFFENCES COMMISSION (ICPC)","display_name":"ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICIES AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA: AN EVALUATION OF THE INDEPENDENT CORRUPT PRACTICES AND OTHER RELATED OFFENCES COMMISSION (ICPC)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204249334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","pdf_url":"https://ijbmbri.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ANTI-CORRUPTION-POLICIES-AND-DEMOCRATIC-GOVERNANCE-IN-NIGERIA-AN-EVALUATION-OF-THE-INDEPENDENT-CORRUPT-PRACTICES-AND-OTHER-RELATED-OFFENCES-COMMISSION-ICPC.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407058455","display_name":"International Journal of Business Management Behavioral Research and Innovations","issn_l":"3115-5774","issn":["3115-5774"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Business, Management, Behavioral Research and Innovations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ijbmbri.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ANTI-CORRUPTION-POLICIES-AND-DEMOCRATIC-GOVERNANCE-IN-NIGERIA-AN-EVALUATION-OF-THE-INDEPENDENT-CORRUPT-PRACTICES-AND-OTHER-RELATED-OFFENCES-COMMISSION-ICPC.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118831585","display_name":"Emmanuel Mopa Letsuwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5118-6913","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5118-6913"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800190170","display_name":"Federal University Lokoja","ror":"https://ror.org/018ced875","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800190170"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Mopa Letsuwa,","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science , Federal University , Lokoja , Kogi State. Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science , Federal University , Lokoja , Kogi State. Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800190170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043964517","display_name":"Segun Oshewolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6830-1975","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6830-1975"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800190170","display_name":"Federal University Lokoja","ror":"https://ror.org/018ced875","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800190170"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Segun Oshewolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science , Federal University , Lokoja , Kogi State. Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science , Federal University , Lokoja , Kogi State. Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800190170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800190170"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70872847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12986","display_name":"Administrative Law and Governance","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12687","display_name":"Public Administration in Developing Nations","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-corruption-policy","display_name":"anti-corruption policy","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-governance","display_name":"democratic governance","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-corruption","display_name":"anti-corruption","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-corruption-agencies","display_name":"anti-corruption agencies","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-effectiveness","display_name":"institutional effectiveness","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-interference","display_name":"political interference","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosecutorial-capacity","display_name":"prosecutorial capacity","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset-recovery","display_name":"asset recovery","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.6809999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.6586999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.6004999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780526558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345314","display_name":"Good governance","level":3,"score":0.5097000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648","display_name":"Language change","level":2,"score":0.4799000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4772000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508889258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858400","display_name":"Political corruption","level":3,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780208563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5173053","display_name":"Corrupt practices","level":3,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777825026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410431","display_name":"Public trust","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779018484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186065","display_name":"Democratic deficit","level":4,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777976496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541936","display_name":"Public participation","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Conviction","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781035477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543464","display_name":"Clientelism","level":4,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776847301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44918","display_name":"Rule of law","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126053111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79896","display_name":"Separation of powers","level":3,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","pdf_url":"https://ijbmbri.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ANTI-CORRUPTION-POLICIES-AND-DEMOCRATIC-GOVERNANCE-IN-NIGERIA-AN-EVALUATION-OF-THE-INDEPENDENT-CORRUPT-PRACTICES-AND-OTHER-RELATED-OFFENCES-COMMISSION-ICPC.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407058455","display_name":"International Journal of Business Management Behavioral Research and Innovations","issn_l":"3115-5774","issn":["3115-5774"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Business, Management, Behavioral Research and Innovations","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66837/ijbmbri01/33/30614","pdf_url":"https://ijbmbri.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ANTI-CORRUPTION-POLICIES-AND-DEMOCRATIC-GOVERNANCE-IN-NIGERIA-AN-EVALUATION-OF-THE-INDEPENDENT-CORRUPT-PRACTICES-AND-OTHER-RELATED-OFFENCES-COMMISSION-ICPC.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407058455","display_name":"International Journal of Business Management Behavioral Research and Innovations","issn_l":"3115-5774","issn":["3115-5774"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Business, Management, Behavioral Research and Innovations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8220346570014954,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204249334.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204249334.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Corruption":[0],"remains":[1],"a":[2,92],"major":[3],"challenge":[4],"to":[5,37,191],"democratic":[6,67,229,249],"governance,":[7],"sustainable":[8],"development,":[9],"and":[10,32,41,55,65,85,110,119,139,168,172,181,207,220,239,273,287,299],"effective":[11,248],"public":[12,39,176,267],"administration":[13],"in":[14,61,69,77,142,211,222],"Nigeria.":[15,70],"Despite":[16],"the":[17,48,51,74,126,130,144,153,182,280,290],"establishment":[18],"of":[19,28,50,100,114,132,146,165,184,289],"anti-corruption":[20,63,81,147,215,255,297],"institutions,":[21,238],"practices":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24],"bribery,":[25],"embezzlement,":[26],"abuse":[27],"office,":[29],"procurement":[30],"fraud,":[31],"illicit":[33],"financial":[34,268,283],"activities":[35],"continue":[36],"undermine":[38],"trust":[40],"weaken":[42],"state":[43],"institutions.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46,90,244],"evaluated":[47],"role":[49],"Independent":[52],"Corrupt":[53],"Practices":[54],"Other":[56],"Related":[57],"Offences":[58],"Commission":[59],"(ICPC)":[60],"implementing":[62],"policies":[64,216],"promoting":[66,83],"governance":[68,230,250],"Specifically,":[71],"it":[72],"examined":[73],"Commission\u2019s":[75],"effectiveness":[76,189],"preventing":[78],"corruption,":[79,236],"enforcing":[80],"laws,":[82],"accountability,":[84],"strengthening":[86,279],"institutional":[87,133,259],"integrity.":[88],"The":[89,149,243],"adopted":[91],"qualitative":[93],"research":[94],"design":[95],"based":[96],"on":[97,228],"documentary":[98],"analysis":[99],"secondary":[101],"data":[102],"drawn":[103],"from":[104],"ICPC":[105,154],"annual":[106],"reports,":[107],"government":[108],"publications,":[109],"policy":[111],"documents,":[112],"reports":[113],"international":[115],"organizations,":[116],"scholarly":[117],"literature,":[118],"credible":[120],"media":[121],"sources.":[122],"Institutional":[123],"Theory":[124],"provides":[125],"analytical":[127],"framework,":[128],"highlighting":[129],"importance":[131],"capacity,":[134,206,284],"political":[135,197,241,275],"commitment,":[136],"legal":[137],"frameworks,":[138],"administrative":[140],"independence":[141],"determining":[143],"performance":[145],"agencies.":[148],"findings":[150],"show":[151],"that":[152,246],"has":[155,231],"made":[156],"notable":[157],"contributions":[158],"through":[159],"corruption":[160],"prevention":[161],"programmes,":[162],"system":[163],"reviews":[164],"Ministries,":[166],"Departments":[167],"Agencies":[169],"(MDAs),":[170],"constituency":[171],"executive":[173],"project":[174],"monitoring,":[175],"education":[177],"campaigns,":[178],"asset":[179],"recovery,":[180],"prosecution":[183],"corruption-related":[185],"offences.":[186],"However,":[187],"its":[188],"continues":[190],"be":[192],"constrained":[193],"by":[194,234],"inadequate":[195],"funding,":[196],"interference,":[198],"judicial":[199,264],"delays,":[200],"weak":[201,237],"inter-agency":[202],"collaboration,":[203],"limited":[204,233],"prosecutorial":[205],"low":[208],"conviction":[209],"rates":[210],"high-profile":[212],"cases.":[213],"While":[214],"have":[217],"improved":[218],"transparency":[219],"accountability":[221,288],"some":[223],"areas,":[224],"their":[225],"overall":[226],"impact":[227],"been":[232],"entrenched":[235],"inconsistent":[240],"commitment.":[242],"concludes":[245],"achieving":[247],"requires":[251],"not":[252],"only":[253],"strong":[254],"institutions":[256],"but":[257],"also":[258],"independence,":[260],"efficient":[261],"law":[262],"enforcement,":[263],"reform,":[265],"transparent":[266],"management,":[269],"active":[270],"citizen":[271],"participation,":[272],"sustained":[274],"will.":[276],"It":[277],"recommends":[278],"operational":[281],"autonomy,":[282],"investigative":[285],"capability,":[286],"ICPC,":[291],"alongside":[292],"closer":[293],"collaboration":[294],"with":[295],"other":[296],"agencies":[298],"civil":[300],"society":[301],"organizations.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}