{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204247272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23926","title":"Linear Continuum Modelling to Explain The Majority of Bulk Features of Kuiper Belt Object Spectra","display_name":"Linear Continuum Modelling to Explain The Majority of Bulk Features of Kuiper Belt Object Spectra","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204247272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23926","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23926","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140971808","display_name":"Wesley C. Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6680-6558","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6680-6558"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123576224","display_name":"Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/03z8jm198","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123576224","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fraser, Wesley C.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Victoria , Elliott Building , 3800 Finnerty Road , Victoria , BC V8P 5C2 , Canada","National Research Council , Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre , 5071 West Saanich Road , Victoria , BC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Victoria , Elliott Building , 3800 Finnerty Road , Victoria , BC V8P 5C2 , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council , Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre , 5071 West Saanich Road , Victoria , BC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123576224","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024461475","display_name":"Laura E. Buchanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8032-4528","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8032-4528"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buchanan, Laura E.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Victoria , Elliott Building , 3800 Finnerty Road , Victoria , BC V8P 5C2 , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Victoria , Elliott Building , 3800 Finnerty Road , Victoria , BC V8P 5C2 , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078536198","display_name":"Ian Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-8429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-8429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297127228","display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/036f5mx38","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297127228","https://openalex.org/I1313867356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wong, Ian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Baltimore , MD , 21218 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Baltimore , MD , 21218 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297127228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123742031","display_name":"Bryan Holler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6117-0164","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6117-0164"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297127228","display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/036f5mx38","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297127228","https://openalex.org/I1313867356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holler, Bryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Baltimore , MD , 21218 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Baltimore , MD , 21218 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297127228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104083479","display_name":"Michael E. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-0545","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-0545"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brown, Michael E.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA , 91125 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA , 91125 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kuiper-belt-objects","display_name":"Kuiper belt objects","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trans-neptunian-objects","display_name":"trans-Neptunian objects","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-colors","display_name":"optical colors","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-reflectance","display_name":"spectral reflectance","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-composition","display_name":"surface composition","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/albedo","display_name":"albedo","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/james-webb-space-telescope","display_name":"James Webb Space Telescope","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-diversity","display_name":"spectral diversity","score":0.44200000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.741100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776845940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113127","display_name":"Spectral slope","level":3,"score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020018894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76299","display_name":"Optical spectra","level":3,"score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36262787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294018","display_name":"Color model","level":4,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152822103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575207","display_name":"Spectral shape analysis","level":3,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73586568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2600211","display_name":"Parameter space","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176641082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446767","display_name":"Spectral signature","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163175372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222","display_name":"Linear model","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97991835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910300","display_name":"Spectral color","level":5,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114700698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2882278","display_name":"Spectral bands","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23926","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.23926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23926","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204247272.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204247272.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969722829","https://openalex.org/W1969909980","https://openalex.org/W1997333011","https://openalex.org/W2021563954","https://openalex.org/W2023048636","https://openalex.org/W2025500975","https://openalex.org/W2071778651","https://openalex.org/W2122659049","https://openalex.org/W2140624999","https://openalex.org/W2156375202","https://openalex.org/W2341053570","https://openalex.org/W2963423115","https://openalex.org/W2994497799","https://openalex.org/W3034145582","https://openalex.org/W4381939355","https://openalex.org/W4386602717","https://openalex.org/W4393398462","https://openalex.org/W4405580646","https://openalex.org/W4408360981","https://openalex.org/W4410361579","https://openalex.org/W4412038068","https://openalex.org/W4412520214","https://openalex.org/W4414156599","https://openalex.org/W4416743590","https://openalex.org/W4416942451","https://openalex.org/W7126260380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412120680","https://openalex.org/W2135572110","https://openalex.org/W154613357","https://openalex.org/W4414156599","https://openalex.org/W7206176625","https://openalex.org/W3158079177","https://openalex.org/W2110704047","https://openalex.org/W3103539538","https://openalex.org/W1767055119","https://openalex.org/W7024899539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,193],"first":[1],"analyses":[2],"of":[3,10,18,31,76,97,115,121,137,146,157,164,181,190,195,234,262,270],"the":[4,52,56,61,74,81,94,117,129,147,160,167,174,187,216,232,258,271],"James":[5],"Webb":[6],"Space":[7],"Telescope":[8],"spectra":[9,82,183,199],"trans-Neptunian":[11],"Objects":[12],"(TNOs)":[13],"revealed":[14],"three":[15],"discrete":[16],"types":[17],"surfaces.":[19],"This":[20],"seems":[21],"to":[22,70,86,186],"contradict":[23],"ground-based":[24],"spectro-photometric":[25],"datasets,":[26],"which":[27],"suggest":[28],"a":[29,112,134,171,178,191,221,229],"continuum":[30],"colors":[32],"with":[33,73],"only":[34,241],"two":[35,47],"surface":[36,247],"types.":[37],"Here":[38],"we":[39,106],"present":[40],"linear":[41],"spectral":[42,119,218,260],"modelling":[43],"that":[44,71,77,108,127,149,212,227,266],"reconciles":[45],"these":[46,224],"results.":[48],"In":[49,170],"our":[50,250],"model,":[51],"sole":[53],"parameter":[54],"is":[55,67,150,177],"object's":[57,139],"optical":[58,130,175,196,243],"slope,":[59],"and":[60,91,99,101,162,198,210,245],"reflectance":[62],"spectrum":[63,189],"at":[64],"all":[65],"wavelengths":[66],"linearly":[68],"proportional":[69],"color,":[72],"slope":[75,131],"function":[78],"evaluated":[79],"from":[80],"themselves.":[83],"When":[84],"applied":[85],"small":[87],"(H>5":[88],"for":[89,93,159,166,202,257],"H2O-types":[90,161],"H>4":[92],"merged":[95],"sample":[96],"organic-rich":[98],"CO2-types)":[100],"distant":[102],"(q>18":[103],"au)":[104],"objects,":[105],"find":[107],"this":[109],"model":[110,148,253],"does":[111,254],"reasonable":[113],"job":[114],"reproducing":[116],"overall":[118,217],"behavior":[120],"both":[122],"samples.":[123],"Bootstrapping":[124],"simulations":[125],"show":[126],"if":[128],"were":[132],"not":[133,255],"good":[135],"predictor":[136,180],"an":[138,143],"spectrum,":[140],"then":[141],"finding":[142],"explained":[144],"variance":[145],"better":[151,179],"than":[152],"observed":[153],"occurred":[154],"in":[155],"2.3%":[156],"realizations":[158,165],"0%":[163],"organics":[168],"sample.":[169],"chi^2":[172],"sense,":[173],"color":[176,197,244],"most":[182],"as":[184],"compared":[185],"mean":[188],"class.":[192,222],"trends":[194],"band-areas":[200,233],"exhibited":[201],"many":[203],"key":[204,236],"compositional":[205],"materials":[206,214,237],"are":[207,238],"well":[208],"reproduced,":[209],"demonstrate":[211],"those":[213,235],"govern":[215],"shape":[219],"within":[220,228],"Importantly,":[223],"results":[225],"require":[226],"given":[230,240],"class,":[231],"predictable":[239],"its":[242,246],"type.":[248],"Unsurprisingly,":[249],"simple":[251],"one-parameter":[252],"account":[256],"full":[259],"diversity":[261],"TNOs.":[263],"We":[264],"speculate":[265],"albedo":[267],"encapsulates":[268],"much":[269],"remaining":[272],"diversity.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
