{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204245638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","title":"#118 - MACHINE LEARNING\u2013BASED PREDICTION OF SUSPICIOUS LIVER LESIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SURVEILLANCE USING ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN AND PIVKA-II.","display_name":"#118 - MACHINE LEARNING\u2013BASED PREDICTION OF SUSPICIOUS LIVER LESIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SURVEILLANCE USING ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN AND PIVKA-II.","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204245638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268126001961/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32516778","display_name":"Annals of Hepatology","issn_l":"1665-2681","issn":["1665-2681","2659-5982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Hepatology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268126001961/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043612388","display_name":"Dayron P\u00e1ez Su\u00e1rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7037-6247","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7037-6247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dayron P\u00e1ez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148242224","display_name":"Enrique Ar\u00fas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Ar\u00fas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044375008","display_name":"Anayda Fernandez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anayda Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148213992","display_name":"Mayra M\u00e1s","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayra M\u00e1s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056528595","display_name":"Jorge Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4876-2402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4876-2402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Hern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148296566","display_name":"Rolando Castillo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rolando Castillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037493930","display_name":"Kenia Valenzuela","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenia Valenzuela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046208577","display_name":"Marcia Samada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-3801","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-3801"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcia Samada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000278573","display_name":"Mirta Infante Vel\u00e1zquez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134311","display_name":"Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/049kj1302","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134311"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirta Infante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026681570","display_name":"Yusimik Rom\u00e1n","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134311","display_name":"Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/049kj1302","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134311"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusimik Rom\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148400278","display_name":"Ana Arias","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Arias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148343074","display_name":"Pedro Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148208867","display_name":"Javier M\u00e9ndez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier M\u00e9ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148239604","display_name":"Marisley Marrero","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marisley Marrero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148257601","display_name":"Magalys Echemend\u00eda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134311","display_name":"Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/049kj1302","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134311"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magalys Echemend\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111387066","display_name":"Meilis Mesa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meilis Mesa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148199526","display_name":"Damaris Herrera","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134311","display_name":"Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/049kj1302","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134311"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damaris Herrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148312689","display_name":"Julio Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julio Hern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148408591","display_name":"Gabriela Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Hern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dico Quir\u00fargicas, Cuba","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122102876","display_name":"Antonio Diaz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799943988","display_name":"Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05328fn02","country_code":"CU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio D\u00edaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico-Quir\u00fargico Hermanos Ameijeiras, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799943988"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56535194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":null,"first_page":"102376","last_page":"102376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10073","display_name":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10073","display_name":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatocellular-carcinoma-surveillance","display_name":"HCC surveillance","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alpha-fetoprotein","display_name":"alpha-fetoprotein","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin","display_name":"PIVKA-II","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-biomarkers","display_name":"serum biomarkers","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-prediction-models","display_name":"machine learning prediction models","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap-analysis","display_name":"SHAP analysis","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-cirrhosis","display_name":"liver cirrhosis","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-surveillance","display_name":"personalized surveillance","score":0.6690000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9363999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778019345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148337","display_name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","level":2,"score":0.8215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.7196000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780624289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306076","display_name":"Alpha-fetoprotein","level":3,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777546739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33525","display_name":"Carcinoma","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529618451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234904","display_name":"Ultrasonography","level":2,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019188007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590460","display_name":"Abdominal ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76318530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16833590","display_name":"Area under the curve","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144494922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6547272","display_name":"Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing","level":3,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776231280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623031","display_name":"Liver cancer","level":3,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268126001961/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32516778","display_name":"Annals of Hepatology","issn_l":"1665-2681","issn":["1665-2681","2659-5982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Hepatology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2026.102376","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268126001961/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32516778","display_name":"Annals of Hepatology","issn_l":"1665-2681","issn":["1665-2681","2659-5982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Hepatology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204245638.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204245638.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204257705","https://openalex.org/W2561240823","https://openalex.org/W2908609515","https://openalex.org/W2977626405","https://openalex.org/W3095032159","https://openalex.org/W2644147068","https://openalex.org/W4414568768","https://openalex.org/W2530612897","https://openalex.org/W4412468224","https://openalex.org/W4318464471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"and":[1,10,42,54,57,70,93,103,108,115,121,130,137,147,159,164,174,221,234],"Objectives":[2],"Introduction:":[3],"In":[4],"hepatocellular":[5,66],"carcinoma":[6,67],"surveillance,":[7],"abdominal":[8],"ultrasound":[9,63,84,157,216,241],"serum":[11],"alpha":[12,21,50],"fetoprotein":[13,22],"is":[14],"recommended.":[15],"However,":[16],"the":[17,138,184,197],"limited":[18],"accuracy":[19,122],"of":[20,27,74,209,214],"can":[23],"delay":[24],"early":[25],"detection":[26],"suspicious":[28,62,83,156,240],"liver":[29],"lesions,":[30],"prompting":[31],"interest":[32],"in":[33,144,247],"PIVKA-II":[34],"as":[35,196],"an":[36],"alternative":[37],"biomarker.":[38],"Objective":[39],"To":[40],"develop":[41],"internally":[43],"validate":[44],"a":[45,231],"machine":[46,228],"learning":[47,229],"model":[48,237],"combining":[49],"fetoprotein,":[51],"PIVKA":[52,165,170,194,222],"II,":[53],"key":[55],"clinical":[56,225],"demographic":[58],"features":[59],"to":[60],"predict":[61],"findings":[64,158],"during":[65],"surveillance.":[68],"Materials":[69],"Methods":[71],"Longitudinal":[72],"cohort":[73],"300":[75],"patients":[76,153],"(July":[77],"2024\u2013April":[78],"2026).":[79],"The":[80,204],"outcome":[81],"was":[82,97,132],"findings;":[85],"predictors":[86],"included":[87],"AFP,":[88,173],"PIVKA-II,":[89],"age,":[90],"sex,":[91],"cirrhosis,":[92],"etiology.":[94],"Biomarker":[95],"performance":[96,186],"assessed":[98],"using":[99,119],"ROC":[100],"curves,":[101],"AUC,":[102],"optimal":[104],"cutoffs":[105],"for":[106,238],"sensitivity":[107,178],"specificity.":[109],"Penalized":[110],"logistic":[111],"regression,":[112],"Random":[113],"Forest,":[114],"XGBoost":[116,182],"were":[117,142],"compared":[118],"discrimination":[120],"metrics.":[123],"Internal":[124],"validation":[125],"used":[126],"nested":[127],"cross":[128],"validation,":[129],"calibration":[131,135],"evaluated":[133],"with":[134,224],"plots":[136],"Hosmer\u2013Lemeshow":[139],"test.":[140],"Analyses":[141],"performed":[143],"R":[145],"4.3.0":[146],"Python":[148],"3.10":[149],"(=0.05).":[150],"Results":[151],"Seventeen":[152],"(5.7%)":[154],"had":[155],"showed":[160],"markedly":[161],"higher":[162],"AFP":[163,220],"II":[166,171,195,223],"levels":[167],"(both":[168],"p<0.001).":[169],"outperformed":[172],"their":[175],"combination":[176],"increased":[177],"(78.4%;":[179],"AUC":[180],"0.864).":[181],"achieved":[183],"best":[185],"(AUC":[187],"0.947;":[188],"MCC":[189],"0.721).":[190],"SHAP":[191],"analysis":[192],"identified":[193],"most":[198],"influential":[199],"predictor,":[200],"followed":[201],"by":[202],"AFP.":[203],"high":[205],"risk":[206],"group":[207],"(11%":[208],"patients)":[210],"concentrated":[211],"over":[212],"half":[213],"positive":[215],"findings.":[217],"Conclusions":[218],"Combining":[219],"variables":[226],"through":[227],"produced":[230],"highly":[232],"accurate":[233],"clinically":[235],"useful":[236],"predicting":[239],"findings,":[242],"supporting":[243],"its":[244],"potential":[245],"role":[246],"personalized":[248],"surveillance":[249],"strategies.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
