{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204239368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23933","title":"SoK: ARCUS: On the Efficiency and Efficacy of Hardware Fuzzing","display_name":"SoK: ARCUS: On the Efficiency and Efficacy of Hardware Fuzzing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204239368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23933","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23933","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23933","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113929382","display_name":"A. Murali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murali, Alenkruth Krishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103174360","display_name":"Raghul Saravanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8296-2144","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8296-2144"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saravanan, Raghul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , George Mason University , Fairfax , VA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , George Mason University , Fairfax , VA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158393188","display_name":"Sai Manoj P D","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D, Sai Manoj P","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010095801","display_name":"Ashish Venkat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1959-8463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1959-8463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkat, Ashish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set-architecture","display_name":"instruction set architecture","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microarchitecture","display_name":"microarchitecture","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/register-transfer-level","display_name":"register transfer level","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation-strategy","display_name":"mutation strategy","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-mechanisms","display_name":"feedback mechanisms","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coverage","display_name":"coverage","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-verification","display_name":"hardware verification","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-benchmark","display_name":"evaluation benchmark","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop-automation","display_name":"human-in-the-loop automation","score":0.8429999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.9702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7626000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5170999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4855000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65232700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656403","display_name":"Hardware architecture","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23933","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23933","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.23933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23933","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23933","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204239368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204239368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001602611","https://openalex.org/W2002934700","https://openalex.org/W3046258068","https://openalex.org/W3179490740","https://openalex.org/W3188750615","https://openalex.org/W3194771370","https://openalex.org/W3195691903","https://openalex.org/W3202816353","https://openalex.org/W3205101829","https://openalex.org/W3205775188","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4379116144","https://openalex.org/W4381786396","https://openalex.org/W4391631673","https://openalex.org/W4399487217","https://openalex.org/W4403223574","https://openalex.org/W4405626147","https://openalex.org/W4408353696","https://openalex.org/W4408903410","https://openalex.org/W4410887017"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7167230522","https://openalex.org/W4410887017","https://openalex.org/W7214213647","https://openalex.org/W4399487217","https://openalex.org/W3127584440","https://openalex.org/W7092182791","https://openalex.org/W7083629957","https://openalex.org/W7117631885","https://openalex.org/W4221164739","https://openalex.org/W4200152507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3],"comprehensive":[4,126],"analysis":[5],"of":[6],"contemporary":[7],"hardware":[8,66,127],"fuzzing":[9,67,97],"techniques":[10],"applied":[11],"across":[12,55],"three":[13],"major":[14],"abstraction":[15,56],"layers:":[16],"Instruction":[17],"Set":[18],"Architecture":[19],"(ISA),":[20],"microarchitecture,":[21],"and":[22,43,50,75,83,108,110,116,125],"Register-Transfer":[23],"Level":[24],"(RTL).":[25],"Our":[26],"study":[27],"examines":[28],"key":[29],"factors":[30],"including":[31,95],"input":[32,72],"stimulus":[33],"quality,":[34],"mutation":[35],"strategies,":[36],"feedback":[37,81],"mechanisms,":[38],"target":[39],"platforms,":[40],"reference":[41,78,103],"models,":[42,79,104],"achieved":[44],"coverage.":[45],"We":[46,58],"find":[47],"challenges,":[48],"goals,":[49],"design":[51],"trade-offs":[52],"vary":[53],"significantly":[54],"layers.":[57],"further":[59],"identify":[60],"several":[61],"unmet":[62],"needs":[63],"in":[64],"current":[65],"practices,":[68],"such":[69],"as":[70],"intelligent":[71],"generation,":[73,101],"reliable":[74],"scalable":[76,102],"golden":[77],"expressive":[80],"channels,":[82],"cross-layer":[84],"integration.":[85],"Building":[86],"on":[87],"these":[88],"insights,":[89],"we":[90],"outline":[91],"future":[92],"research":[93],"directions,":[94],"hybrid":[96],"frameworks,":[98],"AI-assisted":[99],"test":[100],"standardized":[105],"evaluation":[106],"metrics":[107],"benchmarks,":[109],"human-in-the-loop":[111],"automation":[112],"for":[113],"guided":[114],"exploration":[115],"analysis.":[117],"Together,":[118],"they":[119],"aim":[120],"to":[121],"unlock":[122],"efficient,":[123],"reliable,":[124],"verification":[128],"solutions.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}