{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204235758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","title":"Market competition and regulation-based pricing in South Korea\u2019s generic drug market: factors associated with price dispersion following the 2020 pricing reform","display_name":"Market competition and regulation-based pricing in South Korea\u2019s generic drug market: factors associated with price dispersion following the 2020 pricing reform","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204235758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738551320","display_name":"Health Economics Review","issn_l":"2191-1991","issn":["2191-1991"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Economics Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001209675","display_name":"Youran Noh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9765-2598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9765-2598"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youran Noh","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036164250","display_name":"Hyun-Taek Ahn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-taek Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042934702","display_name":"Kyung\u2010Bok Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-5808","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-5808"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Bok Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042934702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68874402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generic-drugs","display_name":"generic drugs","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-pricing","display_name":"drug pricing","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-dispersion","display_name":"price dispersion","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-competition","display_name":"market competition","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discount-rate","display_name":"discount rate","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-structure","display_name":"market structure","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-korea","display_name":"South Korea","score":0.5370000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242612","display_name":"Price dispersion","level":2,"score":0.6510999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6456999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776396487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506319","display_name":"Generic drug","level":3,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779703844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760125","display_name":"Reimbursement","level":3,"score":0.5311999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177562468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893","display_name":"Dispersion (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780193402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394670","display_name":"Pricing strategies","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180456769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750207","display_name":"Duopoly","level":3,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159998540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295776","display_name":"Rational pricing","level":3,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162889289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6841075","display_name":"Mid price","level":3,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34881761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936341","display_name":"Price level","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910862244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240896","display_name":"Drug prices","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178283979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274490","display_name":"Public finance","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775929093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28003232","display_name":"Reference price","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134864226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1545824","display_name":"Limit price","level":3,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64112148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160151","display_name":"Market price","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019439881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200230","display_name":"Price setting","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524218345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31218","display_name":"Health economics","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81543358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242681","display_name":"Pricing schedule","level":4,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101472132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835678","display_name":"Price discrimination","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738551320","display_name":"Health Economics Review","issn_l":"2191-1991","issn":["2191-1991"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Economics Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00826-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738551320","display_name":"Health Economics Review","issn_l":"2191-1991","issn":["2191-1991"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Economics Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4043000042438507}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.49298760294914246}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G191603714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2023S1A5A8075569 and NRF-2020R1A6A1A03042854","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"South":[0,202],"Korea":[1],"revised":[2],"its":[3,36],"generic":[4,25,69,204],"drug":[5,205],"pricing":[6,16,42,168,206,215,220],"system":[7],"in":[8,152,183],"July":[9],"2020":[10,199],"by":[11,74,136,145],"introducing":[12],"the":[13,30,40,87,165,184,191,198,209,212],"post-20th":[14,166,213],"entrant":[15,167,214],"rule,":[17],"which":[18],"assigned":[19],"lower":[20],"reimbursement":[21],"prices":[22],"to":[23,107,231],"later":[24],"entrants.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"examined":[29],"extent":[31],"of":[32,48,60,116,194,201,211],"price":[33,82,112,128,176,195,233],"dispersion":[34,83,196],"and":[35,64,78,81,92,101,139,143,148,155,221],"associated":[37,110,126],"factors":[38,109],"under":[39],"post-2020":[41],"system.":[43],"We":[44],"constructed":[45],"a":[46,172],"dataset":[47],"reimbursed":[49],"drugs":[50],"approved":[51],"since":[52],"January":[53],"1,":[54,62],"2000,":[55],"that":[56],"remained":[57],"listed":[58],"as":[59,227],"October":[61],"2025,":[63],"had":[65],"at":[66],"least":[67],"one":[68],"counterpart.":[70],"Drugs":[71],"were":[72,105,120],"grouped":[73],"identical":[75],"ingredient,":[76],"formulation,":[77],"strength":[79],"(IFS),":[80],"was":[84,124,190,217],"measured":[85],"using":[86],"maximum":[88],"discount":[89,94],"rate":[90,95],"(MDR)":[91],"average":[93],"(ADR).":[96],"Multivariable":[97],"linear":[98],"regression":[99],"models":[100,104],"fractional":[102,185],"logit":[103,186],"used":[106],"examine":[108],"with":[111,127,131,175],"dispersion.":[113,129],"A":[114],"total":[115],"1,208":[117],"IFS":[118],"groups":[119],"included.":[121],"Market":[122,188],"competition":[123,189],"strongly":[125],"Compared":[130],"duopoly":[132],"markets,":[133,157],"MDR":[134,182],"increased":[135],"9.8,":[137],"18.6,":[138],"28.9":[140],"percentage":[141,150],"points":[142,151],"ADR":[144],"2.9,":[146],"4.5,":[147],"4.2":[149],"low-,":[153],"moderate-,":[154],"high-competition":[156],"respectively":[158],"(all":[159],"P":[160],"<":[161],"0.005).":[162],"In":[163],"contrast,":[164],"rule":[169,216],"showed":[170],"only":[171,180],"limited":[173],"association":[174],"dispersion,":[177],"remaining":[178],"significant":[179],"for":[181],"model.":[187],"primary":[192],"determinant":[193],"following":[197],"reform":[200],"Korea\u2019s":[203],"system,":[207],"whereas":[208],"contribution":[210],"limited.":[218],"Regulation-based":[219],"market-oriented":[222],"incentives":[223],"should":[224],"be":[225],"regarded":[226],"complementary":[228],"policy":[229],"approaches":[230],"promoting":[232],"competition.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}