{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204235272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23937","title":"An Echo Chamber of One: Should AI Psychosis Be a Distinct Clinical Entity?","display_name":"An Echo Chamber of One: Should AI Psychosis Be a Distinct Clinical Entity?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204235272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23937","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23937","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23937","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024160492","display_name":"Joshua Au Yeung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9428-2146","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9428-2146"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeung, Joshua Au","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dev and Doc : AI For Healthcare","King's College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dev and Doc : AI For Healthcare","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018330170","display_name":"Hamilton Morrin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7801-0212","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7801-0212"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morrin, Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148265839","display_name":"Vincent Ng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136817","display_name":"Western Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0t2d47","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153355300","https://openalex.org/I4210136817"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ng, Vincent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Eye Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Eye Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136817"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064993712","display_name":"\u017deljko Kraljevi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-2486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-2486"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kraljevic, Zeljko","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066918469","display_name":"Richard Dobson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4224-9245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4224-9245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dobson, Richard","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London","University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.3386000096797943,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.3386000096797943,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.21879999339580536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.06289999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-psychosis","display_name":"AI psychosis","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbots","display_name":"chatbots","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delusions","display_name":"delusions","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sycophancy","display_name":"sycophancy","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropomorphic-design","display_name":"anthropomorphic design","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatric-diagnosis","display_name":"psychiatric diagnosis","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-marketing-surveillance","display_name":"post-marketing surveillance","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-regulation","display_name":"AI regulation","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779727114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170082","display_name":"Psychosis","level":2,"score":0.7091000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779043874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189643","display_name":"Delusion","level":2,"score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.5151000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.491100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777014857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383410","display_name":"Exacerbation","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Mental illness","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780292510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140331","display_name":"Prodrome","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23937","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23937","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.23937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23937","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23937","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204235272.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204235272.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387892136","https://openalex.org/W4396833439","https://openalex.org/W4415230966","https://openalex.org/W4415318303","https://openalex.org/W4416036025","https://openalex.org/W7083291674","https://openalex.org/W7116957469","https://openalex.org/W7134947688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166828893","https://openalex.org/W7172010622","https://openalex.org/W4415648105","https://openalex.org/W7131825658","https://openalex.org/W7135375681","https://openalex.org/W7203458754","https://openalex.org/W7163878451","https://openalex.org/W7133792963","https://openalex.org/W7139129277","https://openalex.org/W7167702265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\"AI":[0],"psychosis\"":[1],"has":[2,55],"entered":[3],"public":[4,53],"and":[5,40,52,60,77,92,117,126,143,147,188,212,225,228],"clinical":[6,72,76],"discourse":[7],"as":[8,69,175],"a":[9,70,87,108,160,176,192,196,215,237],"label":[10,194],"for":[11,125,152,208,223],"the":[12,45,82,155,165,179,184,189,242],"onset":[13],"or":[14],"exacerbation":[15],"of":[16,47,112,115,157,199,232],"psychotic":[17],"symptoms,":[18],"most":[19],"commonly":[20],"delusions,":[21],"following":[22],"intensive":[23],"interaction":[24],"with":[25,91,102,206],"large":[26],"language":[27],"model":[28],"(LLM)-based":[29],"chatbots.":[30],"Current":[31],"evidence":[32],"is":[33,50,96],"limited":[34],"to":[35,89,106,149],"media":[36],"reports,":[37,39],"case":[38,134],"early":[41],"observational":[42],"data,":[43],"yet":[44],"scale":[46],"potential":[48],"exposure":[49],"considerable,":[51],"concern":[54],"prompted":[56],"responses":[57],"from":[58,162],"industry":[59],"regulators.":[61],"We":[62,80,121,204],"examine":[63],"whether":[64,233],"AI-associated":[65,200,234],"psychosis":[66,235],"warrants":[67],"recognition":[68],"distinct":[71],"entity,":[73],"drawing":[74],"on":[75,145],"technical":[78],"viewpoints.":[79],"outline":[81],"proposed":[83],"mechanism:":[84],"LLM":[85],"sycophancy,":[86],"tendency":[88],"agree":[90],"flatter":[93],"users":[94],"that":[95,167,191],"reinforced":[97],"through":[98],"preference-based":[99],"fine-tuning,":[100],"combines":[101],"increasingly":[103],"anthropomorphic":[104],"design":[105],"create":[107],"bidirectional":[109],"\"echo":[110],"chamber":[111],"one\"":[113],"capable":[114],"amplifying":[116],"co-constructing":[118],"unusual":[119],"beliefs.":[120],"then":[122],"weigh":[123],"arguments":[124],"against":[127],"nosological":[128],"recognition.":[129],"Potential":[130],"benefits":[131],"include":[132,154],"improved":[133],"identification,":[135],"tailored":[136],"interventions,":[137],"standardised":[138],"research":[139],"criteria,":[140],"post-market":[141],"surveillance,":[142],"pressure":[144],"developers":[146],"regulators":[148],"act.":[150],"Reasons":[151],"caution":[153],"risk":[156,190],"prematurely":[158],"reifying":[159],"syndrome":[161],"anecdotal":[163],"evidence,":[164],"possibility":[166],"existing":[168],"diagnostic":[169],"constructs":[170],"already":[171],"accommodate":[172],"AI":[173],"use":[174],"contributing":[177],"factor,":[178],"unproven":[180],"causal":[181],"claim":[182],"in":[183,218,239],"term":[185],"itself,":[186],"stigma,":[187],"psychosis-centric":[193],"obscures":[195],"broader":[197],"spectrum":[198],"mental":[201],"health":[202],"harms.":[203],"conclude":[205],"recommendations":[207],"clinicians,":[209],"developers,":[210],"researchers,":[211],"regulators,":[213],"including":[214],"\"technological":[216],"history\"":[217],"psychiatric":[219,240],"assessment,":[220],"pre-deployment":[221],"benchmarking":[222],"sycophancy":[224],"delusion":[226],"reinforcement,":[227],"post-deployment":[229],"surveillance.":[230],"Regardless":[231],"earns":[236],"place":[238],"nosology,":[241],"phenomenon":[243],"it":[244],"describes":[245],"demands":[246],"coordinated":[247],"attention":[248],"now.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}