{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204228393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","title":"Vegetable and Fruit Consumption Among Adolescents in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A Pooled Analysis of National School Surveys","display_name":"Vegetable and Fruit Consumption Among Adolescents in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A Pooled Analysis of National School Surveys","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204228393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42738955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18172783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049056459","display_name":"Abdulmohsen Hamdan Al-Zalabani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-6100","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-6100"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmohsen Hamdan Al-Zalabani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-6100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049056459"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67086867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"17","first_page":"2783","last_page":"2783"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12873","display_name":"Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior","score":0.8726000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12873","display_name":"Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior","score":0.8726000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.07810000330209732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.04170000180602074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fruit-and-vegetable-intake","display_name":"fruit and vegetable intake","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescent-diet","display_name":"adolescent diet","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-consumption","display_name":"dietary intake","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-cooperation-council-countries","display_name":"Gulf Cooperation Council countries","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-support","display_name":"parental support","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise","display_name":"physical activity","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-based-intervention","display_name":"school-based intervention","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-involvement","display_name":"family involvement","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diet-related-non-communicable-diseases","display_name":"diet-related non-communicable diseases","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-school-based-student-health-survey","display_name":"Global School-based Student Health Survey","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence-estimates","display_name":"prevalence estimates","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portion-size","display_name":"portion size","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrition-education","display_name":"nutrition education","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-environment","display_name":"food environment","score":0.33399999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73269764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954529","display_name":"Poisson regression","level":3,"score":0.7427999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017906399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48973845","display_name":"Pooled analysis","level":3,"score":0.6478000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186079640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719602","display_name":"Prevalence","level":3,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987526018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213449","display_name":"Food consumption","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780662849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48768339","display_name":"Food frequency questionnaire","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004032","descriptor_name":"Diet","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004032","descriptor_name":"Diet","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005247","descriptor_name":"Feeding Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005247","descriptor_name":"Feeding Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005638","descriptor_name":"Fruit","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005638","descriptor_name":"Fruit","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006306","descriptor_name":"Health Surveys","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006306","descriptor_name":"Health Surveys","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007730","descriptor_name":"Kuwait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007730","descriptor_name":"Kuwait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008877","descriptor_name":"Middle East","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008877","descriptor_name":"Middle East","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009850","descriptor_name":"Oman","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009850","descriptor_name":"Oman","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011780","descriptor_name":"Qatar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011780","descriptor_name":"Qatar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012574","descriptor_name":"Schools","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012574","descriptor_name":"Schools","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014479","descriptor_name":"United Arab Emirates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014479","descriptor_name":"United Arab Emirates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014675","descriptor_name":"Vegetables","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014675","descriptor_name":"Vegetables","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18172783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42738955","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42738955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13566987","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13566987/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13566987/pdf/nutrients-18-02783.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18172783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18172783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9907000064849854},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5290443897247314}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770958054","https://openalex.org/W2892190013","https://openalex.org/W3035671257","https://openalex.org/W3045559959","https://openalex.org/W4229442774","https://openalex.org/W4313887966","https://openalex.org/W4319656331","https://openalex.org/W4386102636","https://openalex.org/W4388568862","https://openalex.org/W4390919644","https://openalex.org/W4401515255","https://openalex.org/W4401868610","https://openalex.org/W4403638639","https://openalex.org/W4407253064","https://openalex.org/W4409270492"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/Objectives:":[0],"Insufficient":[1],"vegetable":[2],"and":[3,37,72,118,149,161,193,236,251,285,293],"fruit":[4],"(VF)":[5],"consumption":[6,41],"during":[7],"adolescence":[8],"increases":[9],"the":[10,26,35,45,52,73,109,113,128,271],"risk":[11],"of":[12,21,39,115,134,168],"diet-related":[13],"non-communicable":[14],"diseases,":[15],"yet":[16],"no":[17],"pooled,":[18],"survey-weighted":[19],"analysis":[20],"VF":[22,40,101,170,275],"intake":[23],"exists":[24],"for":[25,93,127,218,291],"Gulf":[27],"Cooperation":[28],"Council":[29],"(GCC)":[30],"countries.":[31,47,203],"This":[32],"study":[33],"estimated":[34],"prevalence":[36,142,151,167],"correlates":[38],"among":[42,196,224,237,255],"adolescents":[43,84,225,269],"in":[44,61,184,191,200,267,270],"GCC":[46,63,272],"Methods:":[48],"Cross-sectional":[49],"data":[50,89],"from":[51,154,179],"most":[53],"recent":[54],"Global":[55],"School-based":[56],"Student":[57],"Health":[58,130],"Survey":[59],"(GSHS)":[60],"five":[62,102,172,202,277],"countries\u2014Bahrain":[64],"(2016),":[65],"Kuwait":[66,185],"(2015),":[67,69],"Oman":[68],"Qatar":[70,192],"(2011),":[71],"United":[74],"Arab":[75],"Emirates":[76],"(UAE;":[77],"2016)\u2014were":[78],"pooled":[79],"(n":[80],"=":[81,213,231,246,258],"21,528":[82],"school-going":[83],"aged":[85],"12\u201318":[86],"years);":[87],"GSHS":[88,110],"were":[90,158,240],"not":[91,119,241],"available":[92],"Saudi":[94],"Arabia.":[95],"The":[96,165,204],"primary":[97],"outcome":[98,205],"was":[99,194,206,252],"consuming":[100,169],"or":[103,173,278],"more":[104,174,253,279],"times":[105],"per":[106,139,176,281],"day.":[107,140,282],"Because":[108],"items":[111],"record":[112],"frequency":[114],"eating":[116],"occasions":[117,175,280],"portion":[120],"size,":[121],"this":[122],"is":[123],"a":[124],"frequency-based":[125],"proxy":[126],"World":[129],"Organization":[131],"(WHO)":[132],"recommendation":[133],"at":[135,209],"least":[136],"400":[137],"g":[138],"Survey-weighted":[141],"estimates":[143],"with":[144],"95%":[145,215,233,248,260],"confidence":[146],"intervals":[147],"(CIs)":[148],"adjusted":[150],"ratios":[152],"(aPRs)":[153],"Poisson":[155],"regression":[156],"models":[157],"computed,":[159],"overall":[160],"by":[162],"sex.":[163],"Results:":[164],"weighted":[166],"on":[171,276],"day":[177],"ranged":[178],"15.5%":[180],"(95%":[181,188],"CI:":[182,189,216,234,249,261],"13.2\u201318.1)":[183],"to":[186],"25.2%":[187],"22.6\u201328.0)":[190],"higher":[195],"boys":[197,256],"than":[198,265],"girls":[199,292],"all":[201],"less":[207],"prevalent":[208,254],"older":[210,294],"ages":[211],"(aPR":[212,230,245,257],"0.66,":[214],"0.56\u20130.79":[217],"16\u201318":[219],"years":[220],"vs.":[221],"\u226412":[222],"years),":[223],"reporting":[226],"low":[227],"parental":[228],"support":[229],"0.85,":[232],"0.76\u20130.95),":[235],"those":[238],"who":[239],"physically":[242],"active":[243],"daily":[244],"0.68,":[247],"0.62\u20130.74)":[250],"1.18,":[259],"1.08\u20131.29).":[262],"Conclusions:":[263],"Fewer":[264],"one":[266],"four":[268],"countries":[273],"consumed":[274],"Multicomponent":[283],"school-based":[284],"family-engaging":[286],"interventions":[287],"are":[288],"needed,":[289],"particularly":[290],"adolescents.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}