{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204225040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","title":"A longitudinal assessment of DNS resilience and robustness in Saudi Arabia","display_name":"A longitudinal assessment of DNS resilience and robustness in Saudi Arabia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204225040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42728247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67078-9_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67078-9_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091100953","display_name":"Fatemah Alharbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3594-6122","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3594-6122"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatemah Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu, 46522, Saudi Arabia. fmhharbi@taibahu.edu.sa","Energy, Industry, and Advanced Technologies Research Center, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia. fmhharbi@taibahu.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3594-6122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu, 46522, Saudi Arabia. fmhharbi@taibahu.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Industry, and Advanced Technologies Research Center, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia. fmhharbi@taibahu.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148266372","display_name":"Hamoud Alhalmani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamoud Alhalmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersee Company, 22 Alyasmin District, Riyadh, 13322, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersee Company, 22 Alyasmin District, Riyadh, 13322, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135316932","display_name":"Ahmad Showail","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Showail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Medina Province, Saudi Arabia","Energy, Industry, and Advanced Technologies Research Center, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Medina Province, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Industry, and Advanced Technologies Research Center, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024214057","display_name":"Abeer Alhuzali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9747-914X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9747-914X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abeer Alhuzali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 22254, Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 22254, Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091100953"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69394256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.385699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.385699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.17139999568462372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.11469999700784683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-name-system","display_name":"domain name system","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-arabia","display_name":"Saudi Arabia","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anycast","display_name":"anycast","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-party-dependencies","display_name":"third-party dependencies","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dnssec-validation","display_name":"DNSSEC validation","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-cybersecurity","display_name":"national cybersecurity","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-transformation","display_name":"digital transformation","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6539000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6284999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020672099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Longitudinal data","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.27880001068115234}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67078-9_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42728247","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42728247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e235adb0f1a642a9b93025b14a3918b5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e235adb0f1a642a9b93025b14a3918b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 16, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13569485","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13569485/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67078-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67078-9_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6434862017631531}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204225040.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204225040.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Saudi":[1,35,59,118],"Arabia":[2],"advances":[3],"its":[4,14],"digital":[5],"transformation":[6],"under":[7],"Vision":[8],"2030,":[9],"ensuring":[10],"the":[11,22,26,31,47,57,91,164,170,200],"resilience":[12,55,75,139,165,175,244],"of":[13,25,34,52,93],"core":[15,92],"Internet":[16],"infrastructure":[17],"becomes":[18],"increasingly":[19],"critical.":[20],"Despite":[21],"strategic":[23,239],"importance":[24],"Domain":[27],"Name":[28],"System":[29],"(DNS),":[30],"structural":[32],"robustness":[33],"Arabia's":[36],"DNS":[37,54,66,74,132,138,202,213,243],"ecosystem":[38,160],"has":[39],"not":[40],"been":[41],"systematically":[42],"evaluated.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"presents":[46],"first":[48],"large-scale":[49,114],"measurement":[50,145],"study":[51],"authoritative":[53,177],"across":[56,173],"observable":[58],"domain":[60,106,157],"ecosystem,":[61],"supported":[62],"by":[63],"longitudinal":[64,130],"passive":[65,82,131],"data":[67],"spanning":[68,134],"1994-2024.":[69],"We":[70,236],"propose":[71],"a":[72,98,113,142,206],"comprehensive":[73],"assessment":[76,166],"framework":[77],"that":[78],"combines":[79],"active":[80,144,171],"and":[81,86,108,121,150,159,189,191,230,245],"measurements,":[83],"analytical":[84],"modeling,":[85],"controlled":[87],"vulnerability":[88],"testing.":[89],"At":[90],"our":[94],"methodology":[95],"is":[96,167],"DNSsifter,":[97],"custom":[99],"multithreaded":[100],"enumeration":[101],"tool":[102],"designed":[103],"to":[104,241],"expand":[105],"visibility":[107],"uncover":[109],"infrastructural":[110],"dependencies.":[111],"Leveraging":[112],"dataset":[115,155],"comprising":[116],"25,811":[117],"seed":[119],"domains":[120],"more":[122],"than":[123],"37":[124],"million":[125],"discovered":[126],"subdomains,":[127],"together":[128],"with":[129,238],"observations":[133],"1994-2024,":[135],"we":[136,198],"compute":[137],"metrics":[140],"using":[141],"dedicated":[143],"campaign":[146],"conducted":[147],"between":[148],"September":[149],"December":[151],"2024.":[152],"The":[153],"historical":[154],"supports":[156],"discovery":[158],"evolution":[161],"analysis,":[162],"while":[163],"derived":[168],"from":[169],"measurements":[172],"seven":[174],"dimensions:":[176],"redundancy,":[178],"delegation":[179,222],"correctness,":[180],"third-party":[181],"dependency,":[182],"parent-child":[183],"consistency,":[184],"Anycast":[185,228],"deployment,":[186,229],"DNSSEC":[187,225],"adoption":[188],"validation,":[190],"caching":[192],"efficiency.":[193],"To":[194],"enable":[195],"holistic":[196],"comparison,":[197],"introduce":[199],"Composite":[201],"Resilience":[203],"Index":[204],"(CDRI),":[205],"weighted":[207],"composite":[208],"index":[209],"for":[210],"quantifying":[211],"multi-dimensional":[212],"resilience.":[214],"Our":[215],"findings":[216],"reveal":[217],"systemic":[218],"weaknesses,":[219],"including":[220],"widespread":[221],"defects,":[223],"limited":[224],"adoption,":[226],"uneven":[227],"insufficient":[231],"redundancy":[232],"in":[233],"critical":[234],"sectors.":[235],"conclude":[237],"recommendations":[240],"enhance":[242],"support":[246],"national":[247],"cybersecurity":[248],"priorities.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}