{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204223191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","title":"Accuracy of seven GPS-based geolocation techniques versus a surveyor map: a cross-sectional study in a village in the Comoros","display_name":"Accuracy of seven GPS-based geolocation techniques versus a surveyor map: a cross-sectional study in a village in the Comoros","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204223191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011276784","display_name":"Stefanie Dens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-3645","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-3645"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefanie Dens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Datahub, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","Urban Development Research Group - Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-3645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Datahub, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Development Research Group - Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001257731","display_name":"Maya Ronse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7182-6940","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7182-6940"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maya Ronse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010102961","display_name":"Tom Smekens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-1719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-1719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Smekens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Datahub, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-1719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Datahub, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148321102","display_name":"Kate Shih","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kate Shih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001820483","display_name":"Rian Snijders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2432-9818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2432-9818"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rian Snijders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016448508","display_name":"Claudia Nieto-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-1171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-1171"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Nieto-Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Datahub, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Datahub, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148188139","display_name":"Hilma Ali Maoulida","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152161","display_name":"Damien Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04zv2wf02","country_code":"BD","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BD","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilma Ali Maoulida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161","https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148346020","display_name":"Enoudine Moundji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152161","display_name":"Damien Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04zv2wf02","country_code":"BD","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BD","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enoudine Moundji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161","https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016960766","display_name":"Ibrahim Said Ali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152161","display_name":"Damien Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04zv2wf02","country_code":"BD","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BD","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Sa\u00efd Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161","https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148396967","display_name":"Chamda Ben Absoir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152161","display_name":"Damien Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04zv2wf02","country_code":"BD","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BD","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chamda Ben Absoir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161","https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148382640","display_name":"Widjidane Miadjah Ny Aina Anny","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152161","display_name":"Damien Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04zv2wf02","country_code":"BD","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BD","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Widjidane Miadjah Ny Aina Anny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161","https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148313969","display_name":"Mourissaenti Azihari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152161","display_name":"Damien Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04zv2wf02","country_code":"BD","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BD","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mourissaenti Azihari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161","https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148193417","display_name":"Anrnati Attoumane","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152161","display_name":"Damien Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04zv2wf02","country_code":"BD","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BD","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anrnati Attoumane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161","https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075383511","display_name":"Epco C. Hasker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3154-0419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3154-0419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Epco Hasker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049083886","display_name":"Younoussa Assoumani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152161","display_name":"Damien Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04zv2wf02","country_code":"BD","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269934","display_name":"Action Damien","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0vdx37","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]}],"countries":["BD","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younoussa Assoumani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damien Foundation, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152161","https://openalex.org/I4405269934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045872392","display_name":"Koen Peeters Grietens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6570-9887","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6570-9887"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43777268","display_name":"Nagasaki University","ror":"https://ror.org/058h74p94","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43777268"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koen Peeters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","Nagasaki University School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6570-9887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nagasaki University School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43777268"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058285355","display_name":"Kristien Verdonck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1153-4078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1153-4078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristien Verdonck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Datahub, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1153-4078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Datahub, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011276784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910","https://openalex.org/I78281549"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68590969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"e120178","last_page":"e120178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.20360000431537628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.20360000431537628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12107","display_name":"Leprosy Research and Treatment","score":0.18199999630451202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.14830000698566437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-error","display_name":"measurement error","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handheld-gps","display_name":"handheld GPS","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-data-kit","display_name":"Open Data Kit","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redcap","display_name":"REDCap","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-epidemiology","display_name":"field epidemiology","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-measurement","display_name":"distance measurement","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leprosy","display_name":"leprosy","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comoros","display_name":"Comoros","score":0.6859999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.8801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7257000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5202000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18747219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620994","display_name":"Standard error","level":2,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143310123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q881473","display_name":"Bland\u2013Altman plot","level":3,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130066347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680509","display_name":"Spectroradiometer","level":3,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105054674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707381","display_name":"Mean difference","level":3,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018577593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749","display_name":"Limits of agreement","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D040362","descriptor_name":"Geographic Information Systems","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040362","descriptor_name":"Geographic Information Systems","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040362","descriptor_name":"Geographic Information Systems","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062305","descriptor_name":"Geographic Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062305","descriptor_name":"Geographic Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062305","descriptor_name":"Geographic Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42648777","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ open","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13536038","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13536038/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13536038/pdf/bmjopen-16-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:532dd565689b4c3eb2b6d0b45ccaaebf","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/532dd565689b4c3eb2b6d0b45ccaaebf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open, Vol 16, Iss 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335809","display_name":"Departement Economie, Wetenschap en Innovatie","ror":"https://ror.org/01g94x362"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990139299","https://openalex.org/W2008058629","https://openalex.org/W2015795623","https://openalex.org/W2020624249","https://openalex.org/W2091815485","https://openalex.org/W2097666584","https://openalex.org/W2104075620","https://openalex.org/W2116569305","https://openalex.org/W2128874674","https://openalex.org/W2143571432","https://openalex.org/W2148566104","https://openalex.org/W2219640434","https://openalex.org/W2254153483","https://openalex.org/W2416590355","https://openalex.org/W2691686819","https://openalex.org/W2891131087","https://openalex.org/W2903458586","https://openalex.org/W2936841892","https://openalex.org/W2948605450","https://openalex.org/W2968712595","https://openalex.org/W2990280033","https://openalex.org/W3043096364","https://openalex.org/W3048959077","https://openalex.org/W3105920057","https://openalex.org/W3128358189","https://openalex.org/W3160857975","https://openalex.org/W4214697926","https://openalex.org/W4221018307","https://openalex.org/W4224273347","https://openalex.org/W4281665358","https://openalex.org/W4285670724","https://openalex.org/W4312070874","https://openalex.org/W4323317137","https://openalex.org/W4382061879","https://openalex.org/W4391482298","https://openalex.org/W4396946434","https://openalex.org/W4399851396","https://openalex.org/W4402354406","https://openalex.org/W4403873040","https://openalex.org/W4404548209","https://openalex.org/W4404605969","https://openalex.org/W4404606693","https://openalex.org/W4405571084"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"assess":[2],"the":[3,64,82,91,108,187,233,286],"accuracy":[4,256],"of":[5,76,142,176,192,201,213,269,280,288],"seven":[6],"commonly":[7],"used":[8],"Global":[9],"Positioning":[10],"System":[11],"(GPS)-based":[12],"geolocation":[13,105,238],"techniques,":[14],"including":[15,120],"a":[16,46,61],"handheld":[17],"GPS":[18],"device":[19],"and":[20,29,36,107,138,172,210,247,267,278,295],"smartphones":[21],"using":[22],"Google":[23],"Maps,":[24],"Open":[25],"Data":[26,32],"Kit":[27],"(ODK)":[28],"Research":[30],"Electronic":[31],"Capture":[33],"(REDCap)":[34],"with":[35,274],"without":[37],"internet":[38],"connectivity,":[39],"for":[40,135],"measuring":[41],"distances":[42],"between":[43,96,198],"houses":[44],"in":[45,54,60,63,81,93,254,271,291],"field":[47,245],"epidemiology":[48],"setting.":[49],"DESIGN:":[50],"Cross-sectional":[51],"study":[52,59],"conducted":[53],"February-March":[55],"2024.":[56],"SETTING:":[57],"Field":[58],"village":[62],"Comoros":[65],"where":[66],"leprosy":[67],"is":[68,259],"endemic.":[69],"PARTICIPANTS:":[70],"55":[71],"randomly":[72],"selected":[73],"house":[74,97],"pairs,":[75],"which":[77],"50":[78],"were":[79,194],"included":[80],"analysis.":[83],"PRIMARY":[84],"OUTCOME":[85],"MEASURE:":[86],"Measurement":[87],"error,":[88],"defined":[89],"as":[90],"difference":[92],"straight-line":[94],"distance":[95],"pairs":[98],"measured":[99],"by":[100],"each":[101],"index":[102,115,155],"test":[103],"(GPS-based":[104],"technique)":[106,137],"reference":[109],"standard":[110],"(surveyor":[111],"map).":[112],"RESULTS:":[113],"Three":[114],"tests":[116,156],"showed":[117,157],"substantial":[118,242],"shortcomings,":[119],"indeterminate":[121],"results":[122],"(one":[123],"technique),":[124],"outliers":[125],"(two":[126],"techniques),":[127],"systematic":[128],"underestimation":[129,200],"(mean":[130,160],"measurement":[131,143,161,177],"error":[132,144,162,178],"-3.0":[133],"m":[134,148,166,169,182,203,215],"one":[136],"high":[139],"variability":[140,174,243],"(SD":[141,175],"ranging":[145,163,179],"from":[146,164,180],"9.4":[147],"to":[149,167,183,196,207,219,228,251,284],"16.6":[150],"m).":[151,185,221],"The":[152],"remaining":[153],"four":[154],"little":[158],"bias":[159],"-1.7":[165],"0.4":[168],"across":[170],"techniques)":[171],"low":[173],"5.7":[181],"7.4":[184],"For":[186],"most":[188],"precise":[189],"technique,":[190],"95%":[191],"measurements":[193],"estimated":[195],"fall":[197],"an":[199,211],"11.9":[202],"(95%":[204,216],"CI":[205,217],"8.9":[206],"17.5":[208],"m)":[209],"overestimation":[212],"10.5":[214],"8.4":[218],"13.7":[220],"Even":[222],"this":[223,258],"narrowest":[224],"range":[225],"was":[226],"two":[227],"three":[229],"times":[230],"wider":[231],"than":[232,262],"claimed":[234],"accuracy.":[235],"CONCLUSIONS:":[236],"GPS-based":[237],"techniques":[239,270],"may":[240,248],"show":[241],"under":[244],"conditions":[246],"give":[249],"rise":[250],"misplaced":[252],"confidence":[253],"their":[255],"when":[257],"assumed":[260],"rather":[261],"empirically":[263],"assessed.":[264],"Careful":[265],"selection":[266],"testing":[268],"context,":[272],"along":[273],"transparent":[275],"data":[276,290],"handling":[277],"consideration":[279],"uncertainty,":[281],"are":[282],"needed":[283],"improve":[285],"reliability":[287],"geospatial":[289],"public":[292],"health":[293],"research":[294],"practice.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}