{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204221046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","title":"Regulation of Health-Related Websites in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, and United Arab Emirates: A Comparative Legal Analysis","display_name":"Regulation of Health-Related Websites in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, and United Arab Emirates: A Comparative Legal Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204221046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138044097","display_name":"Maxim Osovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1594-0940","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1594-0940"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxim Osovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1594-0940","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148190733","display_name":"Natalia Salomahina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9737-1243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9737-1243"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Salomahina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14396","display_name":"Healthcare Regulation","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-health-regulation","display_name":"digital health regulation","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telemedicine-regulation","display_name":"telemedicine regulation","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-claims-regulation","display_name":"health claims regulation","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-data-privacy","display_name":"health data privacy","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-disclosure","display_name":"AI disclosure","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-fragmentation","display_name":"regulatory fragmentation","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-regulatory-harmonization","display_name":"international regulatory harmonization","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European Union","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-kingdom","display_name":"United Kingdom","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-arab-emirates","display_name":"United Arab Emirates","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telemedicine","display_name":"telemedicine","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-health-platforms","display_name":"online health platforms","score":0.4819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5309000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779462738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146409","display_name":"Realisation","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823","display_name":"Scholarship","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780433410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276090","display_name":"Digital health","level":3,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778149918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3291156","display_name":"Population health","level":3,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164429055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070165","display_name":"Institutionalisation","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13255150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530962","display_name":"Health law","level":5,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779891985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46994","display_name":"Telemedicine","level":3,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/peb9n_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214341198","https://openalex.org/W4412994283","https://openalex.org/W7217685737","https://openalex.org/W4417202608","https://openalex.org/W4297611893","https://openalex.org/W4414331815","https://openalex.org/W7172200670","https://openalex.org/W7117712512","https://openalex.org/W3187869435","https://openalex.org/W7155205536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,24,45,57,75,83,106,208,270],"the":[2,10,25,42,55,69,73,81,104,136,213,221,228,235,243,274,278,334,344],"most":[3],"acute":[4],"problems":[5],"in":[6,146,171],"global":[7,152],"healthcare":[8],"remains":[9,78],"highly":[11],"unequal":[12],"access":[13,29],"to":[14,19,30,37,199,321,352],"primary":[15,271],"health":[16,52,124,178,255,257,324],"care:":[17],"according":[18],"WHO":[20],"data,":[21,95,258],"about":[22],"half":[23],"world's":[26],"population":[27],"lack":[28],"basic":[31],"medical":[32],"services.":[33,325],"A":[34],"potential":[35,59],"solution":[36],"this":[38,58],"problem":[39],"could":[40],"be":[41,310],"widespread":[43],"introduction":[44],"telemedicine,":[46],"AI-based":[47],"diagnostic":[48],"systems,":[49],"and":[50,65,96,126,158,189,242,262,331],"online":[51,184],"platforms.":[53],"However,":[54],"realisation":[56],"directly":[60],"depends":[61],"on":[62,186,254,265],"overcoming":[63],"regulatory":[64,319],"infrastructural":[66],"barriers":[67,320],"at":[68],"interstate":[70],"level,":[71],"since":[72],"effectiveness":[74],"such":[76,347],"tools":[77],"limited":[79],"without":[80],"possibility":[82],"their":[84,144,252],"cross-border":[85,322],"application.":[86],"Today,":[87],"a":[88,112,118,165,204,266,282,290,303,313,338,348],"single":[89,113,205],"website":[90],"selling":[91],"supplements,":[92],"collecting":[93],"symptom":[94],"offering":[97],"an":[98],"AI":[99,232,260],"assistant":[100],"may":[101],"simultaneously":[102],"violate":[103],"laws":[105],"four":[107,214,335],"jurisdictions":[108],"while":[109],"operating":[110],"from":[111,286],"legal":[114,129,272],"entity.":[115],"It":[116],"reflects":[117],"structural":[119],"mismatch":[120],"between":[121],"transboundary":[122],"digital":[123,172,177,191,323],"activity":[125],"territorially":[127],"fragmented":[128],"regimes.":[130],"Such":[131],"conflicts":[132],"are":[133],"not":[134,197],"unprecedented:":[135],"international":[137],"community":[138],"has":[139,175],"already":[140],"developed":[141],"mechanisms":[142],"for":[143,167,306,317],"resolution":[145],"related":[147],"areas":[148],"\u2014":[149,162,250],"information":[150],"security,":[151],"infectious":[153],"disease":[154],"monitoring,":[155],"aviation":[156],"safety,":[157],"tobacco":[159],"market":[160],"regulation":[161],"which":[163],"provides":[164],"basis":[166],"seeking":[168],"similar":[169],"instruments":[170],"healthcare.Existing":[173],"scholarship":[174],"examined":[176,216],"governance,":[179],"health-data":[180],"privacy,":[181],"telemedicine":[182],"regulation,":[183,193],"tracking":[185],"health-related":[187,307],"websites,":[188],"general":[190],"platform":[192],"but":[194],"it":[195],"does":[196],"appear":[198],"connect":[200],"these":[201],"strands":[202],"into":[203],"functional":[206,267],"comparison":[207],"website-level":[209],"compliance":[210],"triggers":[211],"across":[212,333],"regimes":[215,336],"here.":[217],"This":[218],"paper":[219,275,327],"surveys":[220],"United":[222,236,244],"States":[223],"(FDA,":[224],"FTC,":[225],"HIPAA,":[226],"CLIA),":[227],"European":[229],"Union":[230],"(GDPR,":[231],"Act,":[233],"MDR/IVDR),":[234],"Kingdom":[237],"(UK":[238],"GDPR,":[239],"CQC,":[240],"MHRA),":[241],"Arab":[245],"Emirates":[246],"(PDPL,":[247],"DHA,":[248],"MOHAP)":[249],"comparing":[251],"rules":[253],"claims,":[256],"telehealth,":[259],"disclosure,":[261],"penalties.":[263],"Drawing":[264],"comparative":[268],"analysis":[269,300],"sources,":[273],"argues":[276],"that":[277,302],"current":[279],"fragmentation":[280],"fits":[281],"recurring":[283],"institutional":[284,315],"pathway:":[285],"soft":[287],"law":[288],"toward":[289,342],"possible":[291],"framework":[292,304],"convention,":[293],"with":[294],"progressive":[295],"hardening":[296],"through":[297],"protocols.":[298],"The":[299,326],"suggests":[301],"instrument":[305],"websites":[308],"should":[309],"considered":[311],"as":[312,337],"plausible":[314],"pathway":[316],"reducing":[318],"identifies":[328],"existing":[329],"convergences":[330],"divergences":[332],"necessary":[339],"first":[340],"step":[341],"defining":[343],"core":[345],"elements":[346],"treaty":[349],"would":[350],"need":[351],"address.":[353]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-27T00:00:00"}
