{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204208946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.70150","title":"Explainable artificial intelligence\u2013based analysis of milk composition in subclinical mastitis caused by different bacterial species","display_name":"Explainable artificial intelligence\u2013based analysis of milk composition in subclinical mastitis caused by different bacterial species","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204208946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.70150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1471-0307.70150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.70150","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.70150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143529392","display_name":"International Journal of Dairy Technology","issn_l":"1364-727X","issn":["1364-727X","1471-0307"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Dairy Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204208946"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11508/64965","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026649024","display_name":"Tar\u0131k \u015eafak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-4641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-4641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98905743","display_name":"Kastamonu University","ror":"https://ror.org/015scty35","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98905743"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarik Safak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kastamonu University  Kastamonu 37100 T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-4641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kastamonu University  Kastamonu 37100 T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98905743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104210088","display_name":"Selman Uzun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2470-5817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2470-5817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","display_name":"F\u0131rat University","ror":"https://ror.org/05teb7b63","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selman Uzun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineer, Department of Computer Engineer Firat University  Elazi\u011f 23100 T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineer, Department of Computer Engineer Firat University  Elazi\u011f 23100 T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061347709","display_name":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-4838","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-4838"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","display_name":"F\u0131rat University","ror":"https://ror.org/05teb7b63","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r Yildirim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineer, Department of Computer Engineer Firat University  Elazi\u011f 23100 T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineer, Department of Computer Engineer Firat University  Elazi\u011f 23100 T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009127929","display_name":"Ali Ri\u015fvanl\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5653-0025","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5653-0025"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","display_name":"F\u0131rat University","ror":"https://ror.org/05teb7b63","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156544","display_name":"Kyrgyz-T\u00fcrkish Manas \u00dcniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/04frf8n21","country_code":"KG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156544"]}],"countries":["KG","TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Risvanli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Firat University  Elazi\u011f 23100 T\u00fcrkiye","Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kyrgyz\u2010Turkish Manas University  Bishkek 720038 Kyrgyzstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5653-0025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Firat University  Elazi\u011f 23100 T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kyrgyz\u2010Turkish Manas University  Bishkek 720038 Kyrgyzstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156544"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055525668","display_name":"\u00d6znur Y\u0131lmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-9471","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-9471"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149717392","display_name":"Siirt \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/05ptwtz25","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149717392"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oznur Yilmaz\u2010Koc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Siirt University  Siirt 56100 T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-9471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Siirt University  Siirt 56100 T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149717392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009127929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143396566","https://openalex.org/I4210156544"],"apc_list":{"value":3950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3950},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"79","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12322","display_name":"Animal health and immunology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subclinical-mastitis","display_name":"subclinical mastitis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-composition","display_name":"milk composition","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-machine-learning","display_name":"explainable machine learning","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli","display_name":"Escherichia coli","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcus-agalactiae","display_name":"Streptococcus agalactiae","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staphylococcus-aureus","display_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somatic-cell-count","display_name":"somatic cell count","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductivity","display_name":"electrical conductivity","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mastitis-diagnosis","display_name":"mastitis diagnosis","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dairy-cows","display_name":"dairy cattle","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-quality","display_name":"milk quality","score":0.8629999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776344049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835061","display_name":"Mastitis","level":2,"score":0.8587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777860557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132949","display_name":"Streptococcus agalactiae","level":4,"score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779489039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188121","display_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","level":3,"score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776792119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917352","display_name":"Somatic cell count","level":5,"score":0.5799000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5608999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113280763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2326546","display_name":"Subclinical infection","level":2,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780120618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2230614","display_name":"California mastitis test","level":5,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776659692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719426","display_name":"Lactation","level":3,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147252523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320143","display_name":"Purebred","level":3,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020171069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909729","display_name":"Milk fat","level":3,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.26420000195503235}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1471-0307.70150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.70150","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.70150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143529392","display_name":"International Journal of Dairy Technology","issn_l":"1364-727X","issn":["1364-727X","1471-0307"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Dairy Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.firat.edu.tr:11508/64965","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11508/64965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196733","display_name":"DSpace - FIRAT (F\u0131rat University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","host_organization_name":"F\u0131rat University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.firat.edu.tr:11508/64965","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11508/64965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196733","display_name":"DSpace - FIRAT (F\u0131rat University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","host_organization_name":"F\u0131rat University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6735000014305115},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201329889","https://openalex.org/W3201397306","https://openalex.org/W4221054934","https://openalex.org/W4281686598","https://openalex.org/W4289209300","https://openalex.org/W4317425271","https://openalex.org/W4320029622","https://openalex.org/W4367320258","https://openalex.org/W4379055751","https://openalex.org/W4387766031","https://openalex.org/W4398237738","https://openalex.org/W4399433746","https://openalex.org/W4402910048","https://openalex.org/W4404195919","https://openalex.org/W4405456554","https://openalex.org/W4405484687","https://openalex.org/W4405642033","https://openalex.org/W4409173034","https://openalex.org/W4409746875","https://openalex.org/W4413362561","https://openalex.org/W4415015761","https://openalex.org/W4416222735","https://openalex.org/W4417526908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7202136581","https://openalex.org/W7080831402","https://openalex.org/W4407067660","https://openalex.org/W3201397306","https://openalex.org/W7120149439","https://openalex.org/W7134232255","https://openalex.org/W4410965369","https://openalex.org/W2598242349","https://openalex.org/W1517903402","https://openalex.org/W4311662145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background,":[0],"Context":[1],"or":[2,244],"Rationale":[3],"Subclinical":[4],"mastitis":[5,58,105,166,203,263,292],"induces":[6],"substantial":[7],"biochemical":[8,55,150,162,278],"and":[9,20,30,38,62,78,102,122,128,216,231,259,264,286,294],"physicochemical":[10,114],"alterations":[11,66,208],"in":[12,209,298],"milk,":[13,228],"negatively":[14],"affecting":[15],"milk":[16,46,60,100,115,210,253,273,295],"quality,":[17],"processing":[18],"characteristics":[19,151],"dairy":[21,299],"production":[22,300],"efficiency.":[23],"Conventional":[24],"culture\u2010based":[25],"diagnostic":[26,40],"methods":[27],"remain":[28],"labour\u2010intensive":[29],"time\u2010consuming,":[31],"emphasising":[32],"the":[33,54,108,143,189,234,240,280],"need":[34],"for":[35,290],"rapid,":[36],"data\u2010driven":[37],"interpretable":[39,260],"approaches":[41,125],"based":[42],"on":[43,59],"routinely":[44,251],"obtainable":[45],"parameters.":[47,219],"Aim(s)":[48],"This":[49],"study":[50],"aimed":[51],"to":[52,63,94,107,224],"investigate":[53],"effects":[56],"of":[57,145,152,262,266],"composition":[61,254],"identify":[64],"pathogen\u2010specific":[65,277],"associated":[67,206],"with":[68,148,193,207],"Escherichia":[69],"coli":[70,165],"(E.":[71],"coli)":[72],",":[73],"Streptococcus":[74],"agalactiae":[75,184],"(S.":[76,81],"agalactiae)":[77],"Staphylococcus":[79],"aureus":[80,202],"aureus)":[82],"using":[83,112,137],"explainable":[84,287],"machine":[85],"learning":[86,90],"methodologies.":[87],"Methods":[88],"Machine":[89],"models":[91],"were":[92,119,167,204],"developed":[93],"(i)":[95],"discriminate":[96],"infected":[97,225],"from":[98],"noninfected":[99,227],"samples":[101],"(ii)":[103],"classify":[104],"according":[106],"causative":[109,268],"bacterial":[110],"species":[111],"fundamental":[113],"variables.":[116],"Several":[117],"algorithms":[118],"comparatively":[120],"evaluated,":[121],"tree\u2010based":[123],"ensemble":[124],"demonstrated":[126],"superior":[127],"more":[129],"robust":[130],"generalisation":[131],"performance.":[132],"Model":[133],"interpretability":[134],"was":[135,222],"achieved":[136],"SHapley":[138],"Additive":[139],"exPlanations":[140],"(SHAP),":[141],"enabling":[142],"association":[144],"predictive":[146,197],"outcomes":[147],"underlying":[149],"milk.":[153],"Major":[154],"Findings":[155],"The":[156,247],"SHAP":[157],"analyses":[158],"revealed":[159],"distinct":[160],"pathogen\u2010dependent":[161],"signatures.":[163],"E.":[164],"primarily":[168],"characterised":[169],"by":[170,176],"elevated":[171],"electrical":[172],"conductivity":[173],"(EC),":[174],"accompanied":[175],"increased":[177],"somatic":[178],"cell":[179],"count":[180],"(SCC).":[181],"In":[182,199],"S.":[183,201],"mastitis,":[185],"SCC":[186,232],"emerged":[187],"as":[188],"dominant":[190],"discriminative":[191,237],"feature,":[192],"EC":[194],"providing":[195],"additional":[196],"contribution.":[198],"contrast,":[200],"mainly":[205],"solid":[211],"fractions,":[212],"particularly":[213],"solids\u2010nonfat":[214],"(SNF)":[215],"related":[217],"compositional":[218],"When":[220],"classification":[221],"simplified":[223],"versus":[226],"fat":[229],"content":[230],"represented":[233],"most":[235],"influential":[236],"variables":[238,275],"within":[239],"present":[241],"dataset.":[242],"Scientific":[243],"Industrial":[245],"Implications":[246],"findings":[248],"demonstrate":[249],"that":[250],"measurable":[252],"parameters":[255],"can":[256],"support":[257],"rapid":[258],"identification":[261],"differentiation":[265],"likely":[267],"pathogens.":[269],"By":[270],"transforming":[271],"conventional":[272],"quality":[274,296],"into":[276],"signatures,":[279],"proposed":[281],"framework":[282],"provides":[283],"a":[284],"practical":[285],"decision\u2010support":[288],"approach":[289],"subclinical":[291],"surveillance":[293],"assessment":[297],"systems.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}