{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204208922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","title":"Self-Pay Prices and Financial Assistance Programs for Urology Appointments","display_name":"Self-Pay Prices and Financial Assistance Programs for Urology Appointments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204208922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217848","display_name":"JAMA Network Open","issn_l":"2574-3805","issn":["2574-3805"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA Network Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042412754","display_name":"Walter Robert Hsiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-6231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-6231"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter Hsiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119812493","display_name":"Darren Chau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1771-6649","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1771-6649"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren Chau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139105881","display_name":"Joy Barrett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joy Barrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134678504","display_name":"Lindsay Van Winkle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsay Van Winkle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134731213","display_name":"Arnav Supur","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnav Supur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139104679","display_name":"Angela Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bao Nguyen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bao Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139124248","display_name":"Patrick Hoang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053570038","display_name":"Marshall L. Stoller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-3586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-3586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marshall Stoller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66356612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"8","first_page":"e2630651","last_page":"e2630651"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12708","display_name":"Economic and Financial Impacts of Cancer","score":0.07819999754428864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.016300000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urology-outpatient-clinic","display_name":"urology outpatient clinic","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-assistance-programs","display_name":"financial assistance programs","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uninsured-patients","display_name":"uninsured patients","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-transparency","display_name":"price transparency","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambulatory-care-costs","display_name":"ambulatory care costs","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment-plans","display_name":"payment plans","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-based-clinics","display_name":"hospital-based clinics","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-medical-centers","display_name":"academic medical centers","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-of-living-adjustments","display_name":"cost of living adjustment","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-to-care","display_name":"barriers to care","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-financial-burden","display_name":"patient financial burden","score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-delivery-organization","display_name":"health care delivery organization","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.6779000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5856999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126894567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650","display_name":"Urology","level":1,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35785553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756720","display_name":"Ambulatory","level":2,"score":0.45730000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781332184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7156780","display_name":"Payment by Results","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780334110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1741922","display_name":"Pediatric urology","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020110884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695416","display_name":"Outpatient clinic","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020552257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509135","display_name":"League table","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124306116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2512965","display_name":"Ambulatory care","level":3,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984752397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259956","display_name":"Primary care","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992394448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246234","display_name":"Private practice","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098363","descriptor_name":"Price Transparency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098363","descriptor_name":"Price Transparency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098363","descriptor_name":"Price Transparency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098363","descriptor_name":"Price Transparency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000554","descriptor_name":"Ambulatory Care Facilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000554","descriptor_name":"Ambulatory Care Facilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000554","descriptor_name":"Ambulatory Care Facilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000554","descriptor_name":"Ambulatory Care Facilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001071","descriptor_name":"Appointments and Schedules","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001071","descriptor_name":"Appointments and Schedules","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001071","descriptor_name":"Appointments and Schedules","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001071","descriptor_name":"Appointments and Schedules","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005382","descriptor_name":"Financing, Personal","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005382","descriptor_name":"Financing, Personal","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005382","descriptor_name":"Financing, Personal","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005382","descriptor_name":"Financing, Personal","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005382","descriptor_name":"Financing, Personal","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005382","descriptor_name":"Financing, Personal","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005382","descriptor_name":"Financing, Personal","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005382","descriptor_name":"Financing, Personal","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014572","descriptor_name":"Urology","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014572","descriptor_name":"Urology","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014572","descriptor_name":"Urology","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014572","descriptor_name":"Urology","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017057","descriptor_name":"Medically Uninsured","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017057","descriptor_name":"Medically Uninsured","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017057","descriptor_name":"Medically Uninsured","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017057","descriptor_name":"Medically Uninsured","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217848","display_name":"JAMA Network Open","issn_l":"2574-3805","issn":["2574-3805"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA Network Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42640638","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA network open","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13507915","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/instance/13507915/bin/jamanetwopen-e2630651-s001.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JAMA Netw Open","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.30651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217848","display_name":"JAMA Network Open","issn_l":"2574-3805","issn":["2574-3805"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA Network Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.6158523559570312}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1933402072","https://openalex.org/W2008396733","https://openalex.org/W2051027023","https://openalex.org/W2067517813","https://openalex.org/W2154292186","https://openalex.org/W2560661168","https://openalex.org/W2587742883","https://openalex.org/W2592763453","https://openalex.org/W3161101660","https://openalex.org/W3175617807","https://openalex.org/W4281927404","https://openalex.org/W4296804461","https://openalex.org/W4308182820","https://openalex.org/W4313546597","https://openalex.org/W4318479592","https://openalex.org/W4398296380"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Importance:":[0],"For":[1],"uninsured":[2,131],"or":[3,114],"out-of-network":[4],"patients,":[5],"uncertainty":[6],"regarding":[7],"the":[8,34,48,162,178,339],"expected":[9],"prices":[10,45,324],"for":[11,24,134,165,171,279,351],"urology":[12,36,61,84,98,190,298],"appointments":[13],"presents":[14],"a":[15,105,122,135,166,195,349],"meaningful":[16],"barrier":[17],"to":[18,96,125,142,344,354,357],"timely":[19],"evaluation.":[20],"Although":[21],"price":[22,31,164,203,241,308],"variation":[23],"hospital-based":[25,223,244,312],"services":[26],"is":[27],"well":[28],"documented,":[29],"self-pay":[30,43,163,196,202,240,303,323,342,346],"information":[32],"in":[33,60,112],"ambulatory":[35],"setting":[37],"remains":[38],"uncharacterized.":[39],"Objective:":[40],"To":[41],"quantify":[42],"appointment":[44,304],"and":[46,50,57,66,145,156,180,222,253,283,289,313],"characterize":[47],"availability":[49,179],"structure":[51],"of":[52,94,130,183,238,269,296,321,328,341],"financial":[53,184,271,330,334],"assistance":[54,185,331,335],"programs":[55],"(discounts":[56],"payment":[58,284],"plans)":[59],"clinics":[62,85,99,232,263,301,315],"nationwide.":[63],"Design,":[64],"Setting,":[65],"Participants:":[67],"This":[68],"national,":[69],"cross-sectional,":[70],"audit":[71],"study":[72,295],"was":[73,102,161,204],"conducted":[74,147],"from":[75,104],"July":[76],"1":[77],"through":[78],"August":[79],"31,":[80],"2025,":[81],"at":[82],"outpatient":[83],"across":[86],"all":[87],"50":[88],"US":[89],"states.":[90],"A":[91],"random":[92],"sample":[93],"up":[95],"30":[97],"per":[100],"state":[101],"selected":[103],"nationwide":[106],"directory,":[107],"totaling":[108],"1150":[109,189,297],"clinics.":[110],"Clinics":[111],"closed":[113],"membership-restricted":[115],"health":[116],"systems":[117],"were":[118,140,146,233,264,276,316],"excluded.":[119],"Researchers":[120],"used":[121],"standardized":[123,352],"script":[124],"pose":[126],"as":[127],"family":[128],"members":[129],"patients":[132,343],"calling":[133],"kidney":[136],"stone":[137],"consultation.":[138],"Calls":[139],"limited":[141],"5":[143],"minutes":[144],"with":[148,208,235,266,318],"front-office":[149],"staff":[150],"and/or":[151],"billing":[152],"personnel.":[153],"Main":[154],"Outcomes":[155],"Measures:":[157],"The":[158,198],"primary":[159],"outcome":[160],"new":[167],"patient":[168],"appointment,":[169],"adjusted":[170],"regional":[172],"cost-of-living":[173],"variability.":[174],"Secondary":[175],"outcomes":[176],"included":[177],"specific":[181,274],"terms":[182,275,336],"programs.":[186,332],"Results:":[187],"Among":[188],"clinics,":[191,299],"865":[192],"(75.2%)":[193],"provided":[194,302],"price.":[197],"national":[199,293],"median":[200],"(IQR)":[201],"$265":[205],"($208-$361).":[206],"Compared":[207],"private":[209],"practices,":[210],"academic":[211,254,314],"(odds":[212],"ratio":[213],"[OR],":[214],"0.28;":[215],"95%":[216,226,247,257],"CI,":[217,227,248,258],"0.16-0.47;":[218],"P":[219,229,250,260],"<":[220,230,251],".001)":[221,231,252],"(OR,":[224,245,255],"0.42;":[225],"0.28-0.65;":[228],"associated":[234,265,317],"lower":[236,319],"odds":[237,268,320,327],"providing":[239,322],"information.":[242],"Conversely,":[243],"2.64;":[246],"1.57-4.44;":[249],"1.65;":[256],"1.01-2.69;":[259],"=":[261],".04)":[262],"higher":[267,326],"offering":[270,329],"assistance.":[272],"However,":[273],"often":[277],"unspecified":[278],"discounts":[280],"(76":[281],"[27.9%])":[282],"plans":[285],"(313":[286],"[75.8%]).":[287],"Conclusions":[288],"Relevance:":[290],"In":[291],"this":[292],"cross-sectional":[294],"most":[300],"prices,":[305,347],"although":[306],"substantial":[307],"transparency":[309],"gaps":[310],"remained;":[311],"but":[325],"Ambiguous":[333],"may":[337],"limit":[338],"ability":[340],"navigate":[345],"suggesting":[348],"need":[350],"disclosure":[353],"improve":[355],"access":[356],"urologic":[358],"care.":[359]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}
