{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204206367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","title":"Secure RIS-enabled blockchain-assisted task co-offloading in D2D-MEC networks for industrial IoT: a federated learning approach","display_name":"Secure RIS-enabled blockchain-assisted task co-offloading in D2D-MEC networks for industrial IoT: a federated learning approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204206367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66722-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66722-8_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023920251","display_name":"Aasem N. Alyahya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2315-1642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2315-1642"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aasem N. Alyahya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 145111, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 145111, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123004627","display_name":"Muidh Awadh Algahtani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72264486","display_name":"University of Tabuk","ror":"https://ror.org/04yej8x59","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muidh Awadh Algahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering,Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512,, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering,Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512,, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023341746","display_name":"Amani Ibraheem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-8745","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-8745"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amani Ibraheem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Computer Systems,College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Computer Systems,College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046897313","display_name":"Naglaa F. Soliman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-1857","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-1857"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naglaa F. Soliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036612653","display_name":"Tadani Alyahya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-5445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-5445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tadani Alyahya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071174324","display_name":"Majed S. Alsayfi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-6811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-6811"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majed S. Alsayfi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, 42353, Medina, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, 42353, Medina, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089251591","display_name":"Tasniem Nasser Alyahya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasniem Nasser Alyahya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004457264","display_name":"Malik Bader Alazzam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-1051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-1051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27570832","display_name":"Jadara University","ror":"https://ror.org/001drnv35","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27570832"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malik Bader Alazzam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27570832"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004457264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27570832"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66540619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-intelligent-surface","display_name":"reconfigurable intelligent surface","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-internet-of-things","display_name":"Industrial Internet of Things","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permissioned-blockchain","display_name":"permissioned blockchain","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"federated learning","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-privacy","display_name":"data privacy","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive-mechanisms","display_name":"incentive mechanisms","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sybil-attack","display_name":"Sybil attack","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/6g-networks","display_name":"6G","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-migration","display_name":"service migration","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"energy consumption","score":0.515999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.6636000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70061542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989016","display_name":"Distributed database","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66722-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66722-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66722-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5306763648986816}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204206367.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204206367.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industry":[0],"4.0":[1],"is":[2],"evolving":[3],"rapidly,":[4],"6G":[5],"networks":[6],"are":[7],"emerging,":[8],"and":[9,36,79,109,142,161,182,205,234,250],"this":[10,88],"has":[11],"led":[12],"to":[13,56,84,190],"a":[14,92],"dramatic":[15],"increase":[16],"in":[17,22,216],"ultra-latency-critical,":[18],"computationally":[19],"demanding":[20],"jobs":[21],"Industrial":[23],"Internet":[24],"of":[25,172],"Things":[26],"(IIoT)":[27],"environments":[28],"such":[29],"as":[30,210],"real-time":[31],"digital":[32],"twins,":[33],"collaborative":[34,165],"robots,":[35],"augmented":[37],"reality-guided":[38],"assembly.":[39],"However,":[40],"the":[41,51,57,66,118,164,169,173,194,226,230,243,247],"conventional":[42],"D2D-assisted":[43],"mobile":[44],"edge":[45],"computing":[46],"(MEC)":[47],"systems":[48],"suffer":[49],"from":[50],"severe":[52,62],"performance":[53,228],"degradation":[54],"due":[55,83],"harsh":[58],"factory":[59],"propagation":[60],"environment,":[61],"security":[63,245],"threats":[64],"on":[65],"open":[67],"D2D":[68],"links,":[69],"strict":[70],"industrial":[71,133],"data":[72],"privacy":[73],"requirements,":[74],"selfish":[75],"resource":[76],"sharing":[77],"behaviour,":[78],"frequent":[80],"service":[81],"migration":[82,180,206],"device":[85],"mobility.":[86],"In":[87,157],"research,":[89],"we":[90],"propose":[91],"holistic":[93],"secure":[94,122],"task":[95,176],"co-offloading":[96],"system":[97],"that":[98],"integrates":[99],"Reconfigurable":[100],"Intelligent":[101],"Surfaces":[102],"(RIS),":[103],"permissioned":[104,239],"blockchain":[105,183,240],"with":[106,153,159],"smart":[107],"contracts,":[108],"federated":[110,121,236],"learning,":[111],"into":[112],"an":[113],"integrated":[114],"D2D-MEC":[115],"architecture":[116,241],"for":[117],"IIoT.":[119],"A":[120],"multi-armed":[123],"bandit":[124],"algorithm":[125],"enables":[126,143],"privacy-preserving":[127],"decentralized":[128],"decision-making":[129],"without":[130],"revealing":[131],"sensitive":[132],"data.":[134],"Blockchain":[135],"records":[136],"off-load":[137],"transactions":[138],"through":[139],"immutable":[140],"ledgers":[141],"smart-contract-based":[144],"incentive":[145],"enforcement.":[146],"RIS":[147],"renders":[148],"unreliable":[149],"wireless":[150],"channels":[151],"dynamic":[152],"minimum":[154],"energy":[155,178,201],"overhead.":[156],"scenarios":[158],"hostile":[160],"imprecise":[162],"information,":[163],"design":[166],"can":[167],"lower":[168],"long-term":[170],"cost":[171,207],"system,":[174],"including":[175],"latency,":[177],"consumption,":[179],"overhead,":[181],"transaction":[184],"fees.":[185],"The":[186,221,238],"proposed":[187],"framework,":[188],"compared":[189],"state-of-the-art":[191],"baselines,":[192],"reduces":[193],"average":[195],"job":[196],"completion":[197],"latency":[198],"by":[199,203,208,212],"29.6%,":[200],"consumption":[202],"36.8%,":[204],"41.2%,":[209],"demonstrated":[211],"extensive":[213],"trace-driven":[214],"simulations":[215],"actual":[217],"6G-IIoT":[218],"manufacturing":[219],"scenarios.":[220],"experimental":[222],"results":[223],"also":[224],"show":[225],"robust":[227],"under":[229],"simulated":[231],"willingness":[232],"manipulation":[233],"poisoned":[235],"updates.":[237],"provides":[242],"architectural":[244],"against":[246],"Sybil":[248],"attack":[249],"other":[251],"trust-related":[252],"threats.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}