{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204201503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","title":"Influence of Participatory Extension Approaches on Adoption of Climate-smart Technologies in Green Gram Farming in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya","display_name":"Influence of Participatory Extension Approaches on Adoption of Climate-smart Technologies in Green Gram Farming in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204201503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169779","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","issn_l":"2231-0606","issn":["2231-0606","2457-0591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148055044","display_name":"Jackline Mwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4818-3168","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4818-3168"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132944300","display_name":"Chuka University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cqafq62","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132944300"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jackline Mwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness Management and Agricultural Extension,  Chuka University, Chuka Town, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4818-3168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness Management and Agricultural Extension,  Chuka University, Chuka Town, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132944300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108692758","display_name":"Martin Kagiki Njogu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7644-4689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7644-4689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132944300","display_name":"Chuka University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cqafq62","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132944300"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Kagiki Njogu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Plant Sciences, Chuka University, Chuka Town, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7644-4689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant Sciences, Chuka University, Chuka Town, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132944300"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040122247","display_name":"Pauline Kananu Micheni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-345X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-345X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132944300","display_name":"Chuka University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cqafq62","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132944300"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pauline Micheni Kananu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness Management and Agricultural Extension,  Chuka University, Chuka Town, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-345X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness Management and Agricultural Extension,  Chuka University, Chuka Town, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132944300"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108692758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132944300"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9836,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90540481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"9","first_page":"297","last_page":"305"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13478","display_name":"Agricultural Development and Management","score":0.034699998795986176,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10439","display_name":"Climate change impacts on agriculture","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-smart-agriculture","display_name":"climate-smart agriculture","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-adoption","display_name":"technology adoption","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participatory-extension","display_name":"participatory extension","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mungbean","display_name":"mungbean","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chickpea","display_name":"chickpea","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-field-schools","display_name":"farmer field schools","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participatory-technology-development","display_name":"participatory technology development","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participatory-rural-appraisal","display_name":"participatory rural appraisal","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-of-innovations","display_name":"diffusion of innovations","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rational-choice-theory","display_name":"rational choice theory","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adoption-intensity","display_name":"adoption intensity","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiarid-agriculture","display_name":"semi-arid agriculture","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tharaka-nithi-county","display_name":"Tharaka Nithi County","score":0.9869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203663800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848979","display_name":"Citizen journalism","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778402112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4693964","display_name":"Agricultural extension","level":3,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140988679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140444","display_name":"Participatory action research","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.48829999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781470993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65088775","display_name":"Participatory rural appraisal","level":3,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.4383000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989343102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1402508","display_name":"Field survey","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54924851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751054","display_name":"Sustainable agriculture","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169779","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","issn_l":"2231-0606","issn":["2231-0606","2457-0591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journaljeai.com:article/4464","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journaljeai.com/index.php/JEAI/article/view/4464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169779","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","issn_l":"2231-0606","issn":["2231-0606","2457-0591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2457-0591","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05728693v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05728693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 2026, 48 (9), pp.297-305","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2026/v48i94464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169779","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","issn_l":"2231-0606","issn":["2231-0606","2457-0591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Agriculture International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.991100013256073,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7212140110","https://openalex.org/W6991100948","https://openalex.org/W4389380253","https://openalex.org/W7213979623","https://openalex.org/W7166691614","https://openalex.org/W4381233382","https://openalex.org/W7171434838","https://openalex.org/W4413381979","https://openalex.org/W7161957110","https://openalex.org/W7202368408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Climate-smart":[0],"agriculture":[1],"(CSA)":[2],"offers":[3],"a":[4,48,85,103],"critical":[5],"pathway":[6],"for":[7,226],"enhancing":[8],"resilience,":[9],"productivity,":[10],"and":[11,81,93,106,132,187,208,243,256,262,278,286],"sustainability":[12],"in":[13,18,37,114],"smallholder":[14,70],"farming":[15],"systems,":[16],"particularly":[17],"semi-arid":[19],"regions":[20],"that":[21,121,141,232,282],"are":[22],"highly":[23],"vulnerable":[24],"to":[25,52],"climate":[26],"change.":[27],"Despite":[28],"its":[29],"potential,":[30],"CSA":[31,66,122,238],"adoption":[32,67,123,134,149,239],"rates":[33],"remain":[34],"persistently":[35],"low":[36],"Tharaka-Nithi":[38],"County,":[39],"Kenya,":[40],"where":[41],"green":[42,71],"gram":[43,72],"yields":[44],"have":[45],"declined":[46],"from":[47],"potential":[49],"1,500":[50],"kg/ha":[51],"560":[53],"kg/ha.":[54],"This":[55],"study":[56,230,253],"examined":[57],"the":[58,157,198,248,252],"influence":[59,237],"of":[60,78],"selected":[61],"participatory":[62,144,233,267,271],"extension":[63,145,234,260,280],"approaches":[64,146,235,246],"on":[65],"among":[68],"388":[69],"farmers.":[73],"Guided":[74],"by":[75,129,167],"Rogers'":[76],"Diffusion":[77],"Innovations":[79],"Theory":[80],"Rational":[82],"Choice":[83],"Theory,":[84],"cross-sectional":[86],"survey":[87],"was":[88,124,221],"conducted":[89],"across":[90],"Nkondi,":[91],"Chiakariga,":[92],"Marimanti":[94],"wards":[95],"using":[96,102,108],"cluster":[97],"sampling.":[98],"Data":[99],"were":[100],"collected":[101],"semi-structured":[104],"questionnaire":[105],"analysed":[107],"an":[109],"ordered":[110,137],"logit":[111,138],"regression":[112],"model":[113,139],"STATA":[115],"Version":[116],"15.":[117],"Descriptive":[118],"results":[119],"revealed":[120],"predominantly":[125],"partial":[126],"(44.85%),":[127],"followed":[128,166],"non-adoption":[130],"(38.66%)":[131],"full":[133],"(16.49%).":[135],"The":[136,229],"demonstrated":[140],"all":[142],"four":[143],"positively":[147,216],"influenced":[148,217],"intensity,":[150,240],"with":[151,241,274],"Community-Based":[152],"Extension":[153],"Services":[154],"(CBES)":[155],"having":[156],"strongest":[158],"effect":[159],"(\u03b2":[160,172,181,191,202,210],"=":[161,164,173,176,182,185,192,195,203,206,211,214],"0.521,":[162],"p":[163,175,184,194,205,213],"0.001),":[165],"Farmer":[168],"Field":[169],"Schools":[170],"(FFS)":[171],"0.418,":[174],"0.015),":[177],"Participatory":[178,188],"Technology":[179],"Development":[180],"0.352,":[183],"0.036),":[186],"Rural":[189],"Appraisal":[190],"0.296,":[193],"0.064).":[196],"Among":[197],"control":[199],"variables,":[200],"education":[201],"0.087,":[204],"0.034)":[207],"income":[209,287],"0.193,":[212],"0.030)":[215],"adoption,":[218],"whereas":[219],"gender":[220],"not":[222],"significant":[223],"after":[224],"controlling":[225],"other":[227],"factors.":[228],"concludes":[231],"significantly":[236],"community-based":[242,259],"experiential":[244],"learning":[245],"being":[247],"most":[249],"effective.":[250],"Accordingly,":[251],"recommends":[254],"prioritising":[255],"scaling":[257],"up":[258],"services":[261],"farmer":[263],"field":[264],"schools;":[265],"strengthening":[266],"technology":[268],"development;":[269],"integrating":[270],"rural":[272],"appraisal":[273],"practical":[275],"implementation":[276],"support;":[277],"designing":[279],"programmes":[281],"consider":[283],"farmers'":[284],"educational":[285],"levels.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}