{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204199208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","title":"Towards Predicting Immune-Related Adverse Events: Emerging Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy","display_name":"Towards Predicting Immune-Related Adverse Events: Emerging Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204199208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42738282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cancers18172759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168415115","display_name":"Cancers","issn_l":"2072-6694","issn":["2072-6694"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029048975","display_name":"Ne\u017eka Hribernik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6468-9906","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6468-9906"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019592416","display_name":"Institute of Oncology Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/00y5zsg21","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019592416"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ne\u017eka Hribernik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6468-9906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019592416"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045771155","display_name":"Martina Reber\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-8571","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-8571"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019592416","display_name":"Institute of Oncology Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/00y5zsg21","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019592416"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martina Reber\u0161ek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019592416"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029048975","https://openalex.org/A5045771155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015","https://openalex.org/I3019592416"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66781768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"17","first_page":"2759","last_page":"2759"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-related-adverse-events","display_name":"immune-related adverse events","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-checkpoint-inhibitors","display_name":"immune checkpoint inhibitors","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-biomarkers","display_name":"predictive biomarkers","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-toxicity","display_name":"immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicity","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoantibodies","display_name":"autoantibodies","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokines-and-chemokines","display_name":"cytokines and chemokines","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytomegalovirus-serostatus","display_name":"CMV serostatus","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-composition","display_name":"body composition","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-imaging","display_name":"molecular imaging","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-cell-score","display_name":"immune cell score","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-selection","display_name":"patient selection","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-immunotherapy","display_name":"cancer immunotherapy","score":0.6129999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7914000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21686041","display_name":"Immune checkpoint","level":4,"score":0.5792999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7041828","display_name":"Nivolumab","level":4,"score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.5259000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124535831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915074","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","level":4,"score":0.4740999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777002142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5031432","display_name":"Cancer biomarkers","level":3,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780674031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2012719","display_name":"Cancer immunotherapy","level":4,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780057760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13896859","display_name":"Pembrolizumab","level":4,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983331546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer therapy","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019816032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2575340","display_name":"Cancer treatment","level":3,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019719930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cancers18172759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168415115","display_name":"Cancers","issn_l":"2072-6694","issn":["2072-6694"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42738282","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42738282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancers","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13565712","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13565712/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13565712/pdf/cancers-18-02759.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cancers (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cancers18172759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18172759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168415115","display_name":"Cancers","issn_l":"2072-6694","issn":["2072-6694"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.44082486629486084,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1916602633","https://openalex.org/W2031208709","https://openalex.org/W2063690006","https://openalex.org/W2156420703","https://openalex.org/W2164481774","https://openalex.org/W2570443512","https://openalex.org/W2743419024","https://openalex.org/W2773643507","https://openalex.org/W2790360524","https://openalex.org/W2794031826","https://openalex.org/W2797107996","https://openalex.org/W2797443945","https://openalex.org/W2884878742","https://openalex.org/W2902363526","https://openalex.org/W2904731239","https://openalex.org/W2915015601","https://openalex.org/W2945590213","https://openalex.org/W2962807330","https://openalex.org/W2973349466","https://openalex.org/W2980012328","https://openalex.org/W3018517995","https://openalex.org/W3047247419","https://openalex.org/W3089757801","https://openalex.org/W3090511595","https://openalex.org/W3093645502","https://openalex.org/W3112934313","https://openalex.org/W3131987334","https://openalex.org/W3133692801","https://openalex.org/W3154828803","https://openalex.org/W3157765625","https://openalex.org/W3165678251","https://openalex.org/W3173405280","https://openalex.org/W3210474759","https://openalex.org/W4206951957","https://openalex.org/W4210370153","https://openalex.org/W4210588363","https://openalex.org/W4210620015","https://openalex.org/W4221038102","https://openalex.org/W4225424766","https://openalex.org/W4231143087","https://openalex.org/W4295539234","https://openalex.org/W4296681502","https://openalex.org/W4298005739","https://openalex.org/W4306692674","https://openalex.org/W4313256783","https://openalex.org/W4313454483","https://openalex.org/W4321483599","https://openalex.org/W4323362480","https://openalex.org/W4378837909","https://openalex.org/W4387969661","https://openalex.org/W4388989929","https://openalex.org/W4390645728","https://openalex.org/W4391025795","https://openalex.org/W4391166506","https://openalex.org/W4391843620","https://openalex.org/W4392985785","https://openalex.org/W4396551362","https://openalex.org/W4396557641","https://openalex.org/W4399684698","https://openalex.org/W4400036553","https://openalex.org/W4406969220","https://openalex.org/W4406994619","https://openalex.org/W4407170385","https://openalex.org/W4408015698","https://openalex.org/W4409704869","https://openalex.org/W4410215289","https://openalex.org/W4410370197","https://openalex.org/W4410902177","https://openalex.org/W7125785151","https://openalex.org/W7125829597","https://openalex.org/W7162028207"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"immune":[1,69],"checkpoint":[2,70],"inhibitors":[3],"becoming":[4],"the":[5,20,42,82],"mainstay":[6],"of":[7,22,32,44,46,81,148],"systemic":[8],"therapy":[9],"in":[10],"both":[11],"metastatic":[12],"and":[13,73,96,101,114,116,124,137],"early-stage":[14],"settings":[15],"across":[16],"many":[17],"cancer":[18,47,121],"types,":[19],"management":[21],"immune-related":[23],"adverse":[24],"events":[25],"has":[26],"emerged":[27],"as":[28,120],"a":[29,58],"central":[30],"priority":[31],"modern":[33],"oncological":[34],"supportive":[35],"care.":[36],"These":[37],"toxicities":[38],"can":[39],"substantially":[40],"impair":[41],"quality":[43],"life":[45],"patients,":[48],"including":[49,90],"those":[50],"who":[51],"achieve":[52],"long-term":[53],"survival.":[54],"Consequently,":[55],"there":[56],"is":[57],"pressing":[59],"need":[60],"to":[61,66,157],"develop":[62],"reliable":[63],"predictive":[64,85,132],"biomarkers":[65,86,129,151],"better":[67],"tailor":[68],"inhibitor":[71],"treatment":[72],"optimize":[74],"patient":[75],"selection.":[76],"This":[77],"review":[78],"summarizes":[79],"several":[80],"most":[83],"promising":[84],"currently":[87],"under":[88],"investigation,":[89],"genetic":[91],"factors;":[92],"peripheral":[93],"blood":[94],"parameters":[95],"their":[97,159],"ratios;":[98],"autoantibodies;":[99],"cytokines":[100],"chemokines;":[102],"cytomegalovirus":[103],"serostatus;":[104],"gut":[105],"microbiome":[106],"characteristics;":[107],"body":[108],"composition":[109],"metrics;":[110],"molecular":[111],"imaging":[112],"features;":[113],"tumour-":[115],"patient-related":[117],"factors":[118],"such":[119],"type,":[122],"gender,":[123],"physical":[125],"activity.":[126],"Because":[127],"single":[128],"have":[130,152],"limited":[131],"value,":[133],"multi-omics":[134],"prediction":[135],"models":[136],"composite":[138],"immune-cell":[139],"scores":[140],"are":[141],"increasingly":[142],"demonstrating":[143],"greater":[144],"potential.":[145],"However,":[146],"none":[147],"these":[149],"candidate":[150],"yet":[153],"undergone":[154],"sufficient":[155],"validation":[156],"support":[158],"incorporation":[160],"into":[161],"routine":[162],"clinical":[163],"practice.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-16T18:09:00.828671","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}