{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204197747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","title":"Evaluating the effect of Arabic gum on the fresh, mechanical, durability, bond strength and physical properties of mortar; experimental work","display_name":"Evaluating the effect of Arabic gum on the fresh, mechanical, durability, bond strength and physical properties of mortar; experimental work","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204197747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949822826017235/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287712","display_name":"Next Materials","issn_l":"2949-8228","issn":["2949-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949822826017235/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107768429","display_name":"Asraa Y. Al Goody","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asraa Y. Al Goody","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000949055","display_name":"Hersh F. Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-5822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-5822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132684365","display_name":"University of Halabja","ror":"https://ror.org/037fm3958","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132684365"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hersh F. Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, University of Halabja, Kurdistan Region, Halabja, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, University of Halabja, Kurdistan Region, Halabja, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132684365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148161354","display_name":"Aryas Aram Mohammed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64952554","display_name":"University of Sulaimani","ror":"https://ror.org/00saanr69","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aryas Aram Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148130649","display_name":"Saryan Omed Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64952554","display_name":"University of Sulaimani","ror":"https://ror.org/00saanr69","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saryan Omed Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016618988","display_name":"Soran Abdrahman Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7455-7520","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7455-7520"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64952554","display_name":"University of Sulaimani","ror":"https://ror.org/00saanr69","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soran Abdrahman Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016618988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"],"apc_list":{"value":1280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1280},"apc_paid":{"value":1280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1280},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63207453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"103306","last_page":"103306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10687","display_name":"Innovative concrete reinforcement materials","score":0.0340999998152256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12152","display_name":"Concrete Properties and Behavior","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gum-arabic","display_name":"gum arabic","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortar","display_name":"mortar","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-plasticizers","display_name":"natural plasticizers","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement-replacement","display_name":"cement replacement","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexural-strength","display_name":"flexural strength","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bond-strength","display_name":"bond strength","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-uptake","display_name":"water absorption","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conductivity","display_name":"thermal conductivity","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture-resistance","display_name":"moisture resistance","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/durability","display_name":"durability","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workability","display_name":"workability","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-blocking","display_name":"pore blocking","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrophobic-films","display_name":"hydrophobic films","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-packing","display_name":"particle packing","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-performance","display_name":"interfacial performance","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-modulus","display_name":"compressive modulus","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexural-modulus","display_name":"flexural modulus","score":0.6399999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780054349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535814","display_name":"Gum arabic","level":2,"score":0.8076000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6769000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77835500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694124","display_name":"Pozzolan","level":4,"score":0.6169000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168314062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2550696","display_name":"Absorption of water","level":2,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130767629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7905205","display_name":"Mortar","level":2,"score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.47189998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19149912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4373292","display_name":"Physical property","level":2,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159096172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914535","display_name":"Bond strength","level":4,"score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116067010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698686","display_name":"Airflow","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780290348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069398","display_name":"Chemical resistance","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993522384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3405827","display_name":"Natural materials","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97346530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487005","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020410207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216320","display_name":"Flow properties","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949822826017235/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287712","display_name":"Next Materials","issn_l":"2949-8228","issn":["2949-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:29aa08c87340401788b87a7c7656d30a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/29aa08c87340401788b87a7c7656d30a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Next Materials, Vol 13, Iss , Pp 103306- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103306","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949822826017235/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287712","display_name":"Next Materials","issn_l":"2949-8228","issn":["2949-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5968337655067444,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204197747.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204197747.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988048907","https://openalex.org/W2755242430","https://openalex.org/W2801850651","https://openalex.org/W2905683931","https://openalex.org/W3010647013","https://openalex.org/W3094050621","https://openalex.org/W3148219401","https://openalex.org/W3168968542","https://openalex.org/W3213053024","https://openalex.org/W4309339522","https://openalex.org/W4311493275","https://openalex.org/W4313898526","https://openalex.org/W4320166136","https://openalex.org/W4322501788","https://openalex.org/W4387078349","https://openalex.org/W4394870997","https://openalex.org/W4403829994","https://openalex.org/W4413422299","https://openalex.org/W7153824807"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,140],"usage":[1,94],"of":[2,15,28,32,39,68,95,124,137,185,212,215,226,262,287,295,387],"cement":[3,69,166],"in":[4,55,142,231,407],"concrete":[5,57],"and":[6,21,58,75,118,134,153,173,218,269,277,311,338,355,362,376,402],"mortar":[7],"is":[8,198],"an":[9,50,292,346],"industry":[10],"with":[11,35,92,120],"a":[12,161,182,260,281,384],"high":[13,26,331],"rate":[14,27,126],"negative":[16],"effects":[17],"on":[18,127],"the":[19,25,29,36,40,56,65,72,84,93,99,103,122,128,138,224,244,274,366,394],"environment":[20],"economy":[22],"due":[23,264,344],"to":[24,87,102,168,181,203,223,240,257,259,265,291,345,360,413,415],"emitted":[30],"amount":[31,38,67],"carbon":[33],"dioxide":[34],"huge":[37],"required":[41,66,77],"energy":[42],"for":[43,63,79,341],"this":[44,143,176,221,324,370],"industry.":[45],"Using":[46],"new":[47,85],"materials":[48,62,101],"as":[49,98],"admixture":[51],"or":[52],"pozzolanic":[53],"material":[54],"mortar,":[59],"especially":[60],"natural":[61,162],"reducing":[64,76],"by":[70,105,201,237,255,358],"increasing":[71],"mechanical":[73,276,329,417],"properties":[74,136],"water":[78,252,375],"mix":[80,104],"preparation":[81],"have":[82],"become":[83],"trend":[86],"researchers.":[88],"This":[89],"manuscript":[90],"deals":[91],"Arabic":[96,148,191,209,288,321,397],"gum":[97],"additional":[100],"nine":[106],"different":[107],"rates":[108],"including":[109],"(0,":[110],"0.1,":[111],"0.2,":[112],"0.3,":[113],"0.4,":[114],"0.5,":[115],"0.6,":[116],"0.7,":[117],"0.8%),":[119],"investigating":[121],"role":[123],"each":[125,158],"fresh,":[129],"mechanical,":[130],"durability,":[131],"bond":[132,312,356],"strength,":[133],"physical":[135,152],"mortars.":[139],"findings":[141],"paper\u2019s":[144],"experiments":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"Gum":[149,210,289,322,398],"acts":[150],"through":[151,170],"chemical":[154],"mechanisms,":[155],"which":[156,230],"oppose":[157],"other.":[159],"As":[160],"plasticizer,":[163],"it":[164],"causes":[165],"grains":[167],"disperse":[169],"electrostatic":[171],"charges":[172],"steric":[174],"hinderance,":[175],"increases":[177],"fluid":[178],"workability":[179],"up":[180,202,236,256,290,359],"peak":[183],"flow":[184,400],"129":[186],"mm":[187,389],"at":[188,207,297,365,390],"mix-9":[189],"(0.8%":[190],"Gum,":[192],"17.3%":[193],"above":[194],"control).":[195],"Hardened":[196],"density":[197],"improved":[199,299],"linearly":[200],"4.8%":[204],"(2264":[205],"kg/m3)":[206],"0.8%":[208],"because":[211,251],"its":[213,405],"optimization":[214],"particle":[216],"packing":[217],"pore-filling":[219],"ability,":[220],"led":[222],"elimination":[225],"insulating":[227],"air":[228,336],"pockets,":[229],"turn":[232],"drove":[233],"thermal":[234,403],"conductivity":[235],"9.5%":[238],"(up":[239],"0.954":[241],"W/m.K).":[242],"At":[243],"same":[245],"time,":[246],"moisture":[247],"resistance":[248],"was":[249],"improved,":[250],"absorption":[253],"plummeted":[254],"63.1%":[258],"minimum":[261],"0.41%":[263],"high-viscosity":[266],"biopolymer":[267],"pore-blocking":[268],"hydrophobic":[270],"film":[271],"formation.":[272],"On":[273],"contrary,":[275],"interfacial":[278],"performance":[279],"followed":[280],"sensitive,":[282],"parabolic":[283],"trend.":[284],"Minor":[285],"addition":[286],"optimal":[293],"threshold":[294],"0.2%":[296,325,414],"mix-3":[298],"28-day":[300],"compressive":[301,354],"strength":[302,307,313],"(34":[303],"MPa;":[304,309,315],"+16.8%),":[305],"flexural":[306],"(12.22":[308],"+9.3%),":[310],"(0.499":[314],"4.4%).":[316],"But":[317],"adding":[318],"any":[319],"more":[320],"over":[323],"limit,":[326],"caused":[327,334,377],"higher":[328,339],"degradation,":[330],"dosages":[332],"(0.3\u20130.8%)":[333],"extra":[335],"entrainment,":[337],"retarder":[340],"hydration":[342],"reaction":[343],"un-hydrated":[347],"organic":[348],"gel":[349,373],"layer,":[350],"lowering":[351],"28":[352],"day":[353],"strengths":[357],"27.8%":[361],"25.3%":[363],"respectively":[364],"maximum":[367],"dosage.":[368],"Also,":[369],"excess":[371],"hydrophilic":[372],"retained":[374],"swelling,":[378],"reversing":[379],"standard":[380],"drying":[381],"shrinkage":[382],"into":[383],"net":[385],"expansion":[386],"0.469":[388],"18":[391],"days.":[392],"In":[393],"end,":[395],"although":[396],"optimizes":[399],"permeability":[401],"dissipation,":[404],"use":[406],"structural":[408],"applications":[409],"should":[410],"be":[411],"limited":[412],"prevent":[416],"capacity":[418],"lowering.":[419]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}