{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204188906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23525","title":"EarthVerse: Benchmarking Scientific Agents Across Dynamic Earth Systems and Natural Hazards","display_name":"EarthVerse: Benchmarking Scientific Agents Across Dynamic Earth Systems and Natural Hazards","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204188906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23525"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23525","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23525","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23525","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148083602","display_name":"Zhiqing Cui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cui, Zhiqing","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148132148","display_name":"Xinxiang Yin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin, Xinxiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140841323","display_name":"Yihong Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Yihong","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148119992","display_name":"Xinglang Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261251","display_name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/050h0vm43","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261251"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Xinglang","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST(GZ)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST(GZ)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101060059","display_name":"Yuanzhe Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1891-5116","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1891-5116"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Yuanzhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096912622","display_name":"Siru Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4465-8686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4465-8686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261251","display_name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/050h0vm43","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261251"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong, Siru","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST(GZ)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST(GZ)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148158270","display_name":"Weidong Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Weidong","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018828723","display_name":"Yuxuan Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-7337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-7337","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9802-7239","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5039-7568"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261251","display_name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/050h0vm43","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261251"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang, Yuxuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST(GZ)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST(GZ)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148092880","display_name":"Weijia Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Weijia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124328435","display_name":"Ming Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-4811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-4811"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin, Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Griffith"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Griffith","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008056593","display_name":"Shirui Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-527X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-527X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan, Shirui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Griffith"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Griffith","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067122850","display_name":"Yuhao Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-9450","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-9450"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang, Yuhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["UT Austin 10"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UT Austin 10","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027933499","display_name":"Dingyi Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3208-6016","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3208-6016"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuang, Dingyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023905102","display_name":"Jinhua Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-7583","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-7583","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-6540"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Jinhua","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.26030001044273376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.26030001044273376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.22300000488758087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.09380000084638596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"benchmarking","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-hazards","display_name":"natural hazards","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provenance","display_name":"provenance","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tool-use","display_name":"tool use","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-evaluation","display_name":"agent evaluation","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-decomposition","display_name":"task decomposition","score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-reliability","display_name":"scientific reliability","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-systems","display_name":"multi-agent systems","score":0.40299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6134999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5496000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39410599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433179","display_name":"Natural hazard","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206355099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3614972","display_name":"Hazard analysis","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93623110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265392","display_name":"Near-Earth object","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130440534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946528","display_name":"Conflation","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23525","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23525","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.23525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.23525","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23525","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.23525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204188906.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204188906.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213771071","https://openalex.org/W7221859080","https://openalex.org/W7212072830","https://openalex.org/W7220359965","https://openalex.org/W7214780466","https://openalex.org/W3046107304","https://openalex.org/W7212913219","https://openalex.org/W7220727394","https://openalex.org/W3174800726","https://openalex.org/W7025245335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Earth-system":[0],"analysis":[1],"reconstructs":[2],"changing":[3],"physical":[4,175],"processes":[5],"from":[6],"observations":[7],"that":[8,38,85,97,157],"differ":[9],"in":[10,51,76,127,187],"source,":[11],"scale,":[12],"timing,":[13],"and":[14,31,55,73,112,135,174],"modality.":[15],"Natural":[16],"hazards":[17],"make":[18],"this":[19],"work":[20],"consequential":[21],"because":[22],"incomplete":[23],"evidence":[24,128],"can":[25],"change":[26],"estimates":[27],"of":[28],"severity,":[29],"exposure,":[30],"mechanism.":[32],"We":[33,80,108],"introduce":[34],"EarthVerse,":[35],"a":[36,116,166,179],"benchmark":[37],"evaluates":[39],"scientific":[40,136,185],"agents":[41,159],"through":[42],"package-scoped":[43],"investigations.":[44],"Its":[45],"405":[46],"reproducible":[47,180],"tasks":[48],"are":[49],"grounded":[50],"199":[52],"documented":[53],"events":[54],"19":[56],"hazard":[57],"families.":[58],"Agents":[59],"inspect":[60],"heterogeneous":[61],"event":[62],"packages,":[63],"choose":[64],"compatible":[65],"evidence,":[66,170],"execute":[67],"transparent":[68],"calculations,":[69,173],"reconcile":[70],"source":[71],"differences,":[72],"preserve":[74],"provenance":[75],"the":[77,99,140,148],"final":[78],"answer.":[79],"provide":[81],"executable":[82],"ground":[83],"truth":[84],"decomposes":[86],"each":[87],"task":[88],"into":[89],"fine-grained":[90],"answer":[91],"units,":[92,172],"together":[93],"with":[94],"task-specific":[95],"rubrics":[96],"assess":[98],"supporting":[100],"research":[101],"process":[102],"while":[103,147],"allowing":[104],"multiple":[105],"valid":[106],"paths.":[107],"evaluate":[109],"25":[110],"model":[111],"agent":[113],"systems":[114],"under":[115],"controlled":[117,122],"tool-using":[118],"protocol,":[119],"then":[120],"use":[121],"studies":[123],"to":[124],"locate":[125],"failures":[126],"access,":[129],"tool":[130],"selection,":[131],"memory,":[132],"reasoning,":[133],"interaction,":[134],"execution.":[137],"Across":[138],"systems,":[139],"best":[141],"mean":[142],"answer-unit":[143],"accuracy":[144],"is":[145,151],"84.65%,":[146],"highest":[149],"Strict@95":[150],"only":[152],"34.81%.":[153],"The":[154],"gap":[155],"shows":[156],"current":[158],"often":[160],"complete":[161],"individual":[162],"steps":[163],"without":[164],"maintaining":[165],"consistent":[167],"chain":[168],"across":[169],"scales,":[171],"interpretation.":[176],"EarthVerse":[177],"provides":[178],"basis":[181],"for":[182],"measuring":[183],"end-to-end":[184],"reliability":[186],"dynamic":[188],"Earth":[189],"systems.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}