{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204176755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","title":"Feasibility of Multi-Wavelength LED Irradiation on the Skull and Preliminary Glycemic Outcomes in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Pilot Study","display_name":"Feasibility of Multi-Wavelength LED Irradiation on the Skull and Preliminary Glycemic Outcomes in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Pilot Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204176755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42795278","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13608685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/life16091411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204176755"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077396845","display_name":"Chi-Chang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-8401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-8401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98298690","display_name":"I-Shou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d7e4m76","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Chang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078043272","display_name":"Jung-Sheng Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-2595","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-2595"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98298690","display_name":"I-Shou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d7e4m76","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Sheng Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-2595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148113602","display_name":"Chang-Yin Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091198","display_name":"E-Da Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00eh7f421","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98298690","display_name":"I-Shou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d7e4m76","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chang-Yin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091198","https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148174731","display_name":"Chih-Yu Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98298690","display_name":"I-Shou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d7e4m76","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5148113602","https://openalex.org/A5148174731"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091198","https://openalex.org/I98298690"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"1411","last_page":"1411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11566","display_name":"Laser Applications in Dentistry and Medicine","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11566","display_name":"Laser Applications in Dentistry and Medicine","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13044","display_name":"Biofield Effects and Biophysics","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10957","display_name":"Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-level-laser-therapy","display_name":"low-level laser therapy","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cranial-irradiation","display_name":"cranial irradiation","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fasting-blood-glucose","display_name":"fasting blood glucose","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homa-ir","display_name":"HOMA-IR","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-and-c-peptide","display_name":"insulin and C-peptide","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-reactive-protein","display_name":"C-reactive protein","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-profile","display_name":"lipid profile","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-and-feasibility","display_name":"feasibility and safety","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-nervous-system-control","display_name":"central nervous system regulation","score":0.49300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8464999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.7524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777538456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311213","display_name":"Glycated hemoglobin","level":4,"score":0.6013000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.5634999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5253000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018667095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455903","display_name":"Glucose homeostasis","level":4,"score":0.49070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777391703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470","display_name":"Insulin resistance","level":3,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778535154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5889863","display_name":"Homeostatic model assessment","level":4,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776652674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273924","display_name":"Glycemic index","level":4,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17093226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2734081","display_name":"Carbohydrate metabolism","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778270857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2723972","display_name":"Lipid profile","level":3,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63645605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103191","display_name":"Homeostasis","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43041","display_name":"Hemoglobin","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777866211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572349","display_name":"Glucose uptake","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2351083","display_name":"Metabolic disorder","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/life16091411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13608685","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13608685/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13608685/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42795278","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42795278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c7d03034c40477ab9eba59e92abbd9d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c7d03034c40477ab9eba59e92abbd9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Life, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 1411 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/life16091411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322201","display_name":"I-Shou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d7e4m76"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204176755.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204176755.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1119756478","https://openalex.org/W1561443084","https://openalex.org/W1965019847","https://openalex.org/W1990777401","https://openalex.org/W2071470362","https://openalex.org/W2092282228","https://openalex.org/W2095731667","https://openalex.org/W2096215189","https://openalex.org/W2114506211","https://openalex.org/W2115294869","https://openalex.org/W2119446720","https://openalex.org/W2132672239","https://openalex.org/W2135446787","https://openalex.org/W2292793428","https://openalex.org/W2414212658","https://openalex.org/W2529601819","https://openalex.org/W2615482484","https://openalex.org/W2783026431","https://openalex.org/W2896706663","https://openalex.org/W4292528167","https://openalex.org/W4389560718","https://openalex.org/W4405187613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285095161","https://openalex.org/W7103651655","https://openalex.org/W7139005643","https://openalex.org/W4318154268","https://openalex.org/W7203768690","https://openalex.org/W4393041240","https://openalex.org/W3204866686","https://openalex.org/W4376223925","https://openalex.org/W2343089077","https://openalex.org/W3204395889"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Type":[1],"2":[2],"diabetes":[3],"mellitus":[4],"(T2DM)":[5],"is":[6,28],"a":[7,87,245,330],"chronic":[8],"metabolic":[9,34],"disorder":[10],"characterized":[11],"by":[12,32,38],"impaired":[13],"glucose":[14,26,175,226,230],"homeostasis,":[15],"insulin":[16,195],"resistance,":[17],"and":[18,42,58,91,119,149,178,200,227,237,259,263,275,298,333,344],"progressive":[19],"\u03b2-cell":[20],"dysfunction.":[21],"Increasing":[22],"evidence":[23,349],"suggests":[24],"that":[25],"homeostasis":[27,191],"regulated":[29],"not":[30,265,346],"only":[31],"peripheral":[33],"organs":[35],"but":[36],"also":[37],"central":[39],"nervous":[40],"system":[41],"autonomic":[43],"pathways.":[44],"Photobiomodulation":[45],"(PBM)":[46],"has":[47],"been":[48],"reported":[49],"to":[50,77,86,92,125,287],"modulate":[51],"mitochondrial":[52],"function,":[53],"oxidative":[54],"stress,":[55],"vascular":[56],"responses,":[57],"neural":[59],"activity;":[60],"however,":[61],"its":[62],"potential":[63],"influence":[64],"on":[65],"glycemic":[66,95,308],"outcomes":[67,96,183,309],"remains":[68],"largely":[69],"unexplored.":[70],"Objective:":[71],"This":[72],"prospective":[73],"pilot":[74],"study":[75,280,335],"aimed":[76],"evaluate":[78],"the":[79,126,131,216,221,279,288,293,311,324,337],"feasibility":[80,312],"of":[81,130,138,146,153,194,212,292,313,323,329,350],"applying":[82],"multi-wavelength":[83],"LED":[84,115,284],"irradiation":[85,116,285],"predefined":[88,127,289],"cranial":[89],"region":[90,129,291],"explore":[93],"preliminary":[94,307],"in":[97,252,301,316],"individuals":[98,302],"with":[99,104,303],"T2DM.":[100,304],"Methods:":[101],"Seven":[102],"participants":[103,277],"physician-diagnosed":[105],"T2DM":[106],"receiving":[107],"stable":[108],"antidiabetic":[109],"medication":[110],"regimens":[111],"were":[112,159,208,231,261,273],"enrolled.":[113],"Multi-wavelength":[114,283],"(660,":[117],"850,":[118],"940":[120],"nm)":[121],"was":[122,295],"applied":[123,286],"bilaterally":[124],"S3":[128,290],"skull.":[132],"Irradiation":[133],"parameters":[134],"included":[135,172,184],"an":[136,143,150],"irradiance":[137],"5":[139],"mW/cm2":[140],"(0.005":[141],"W/cm2),":[142],"energy":[144],"density":[145],"4.5":[147],"J/cm2,":[148],"exposure":[151],"duration":[152],"900":[154],"s":[155],"per":[156],"session.":[157],"Treatments":[158],"administered":[160],"three":[161],"times":[162],"weekly":[163],"for":[164],"four":[165],"weeks":[166],"(12":[167],"sessions).":[168],"Primary":[169],"outcome":[170],"measures":[171],"fasting":[173,188,224,253],"blood":[174,186,225,229],"(Glucose":[176],"AC)":[177],"glycated":[179],"hemoglobin":[180],"(HbA1c).":[181],"Secondary":[182],"mean":[185,228],"glucose,":[187],"insulin,":[189,254],"C-peptide,":[190,255],"model":[192],"assessment":[193,211],"resistance":[196],"(HOMA-IR),":[197],"lipid":[198,257],"profile,":[199,258],"C-reactive":[201],"protein":[202],"(CRP).":[203],"Exploratory":[204],"paired":[205],"statistical":[206,267],"analyses":[207],"performed":[209],"following":[210],"data":[213],"normality":[214],"using":[215],"Shapiro\u2013Wilk":[217],"test.":[218],"Results:":[219],"Following":[220],"four-week":[222],"intervention,":[223],"significantly":[232],"reduced":[233],"(p":[234,248],"=":[235,239,249],"0.026":[236],"p":[238],"0.044,":[240],"respectively),":[241],"whereas":[242],"HbA1c":[243],"demonstrated":[244],"borderline":[246],"reduction":[247],"0.051).":[250],"Changes":[251],"HOMA-IR,":[256],"CRP":[260],"variable":[262],"did":[264],"reach":[266],"significance.":[268],"No":[269],"intervention-related":[270],"adverse":[271],"events":[272],"observed,":[274],"all":[276],"completed":[278],"protocol.":[281],"Conclusions:":[282],"skull":[294],"feasible,":[296],"safe,":[297],"well":[299],"tolerated":[300],"The":[305],"observed":[306],"support":[310],"further":[314],"investigation":[315],"larger":[317],"randomized":[318],"controlled":[319],"trials.":[320],"However,":[321],"because":[322],"small":[325],"sample":[326],"size,":[327],"absence":[328],"control":[331],"group,":[332],"exploratory":[334],"design,":[336],"present":[338],"findings":[339],"should":[340,345],"be":[341,347],"interpreted":[342],"cautiously":[343],"considered":[348],"clinical":[351],"efficacy":[352],"or":[353],"causal":[354],"effects.":[355]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}