{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204176320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","title":"A practical Equivalent Linear Spring\u2013Damper model for nonlinear soil\u2013structure interaction under seismic loading","display_name":"A practical Equivalent Linear Spring\u2013Damper model for nonlinear soil\u2013structure interaction under seismic loading","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204176320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726126005622/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99356198","display_name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","issn_l":"0267-7261","issn":["0267-7261","1879-341X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726126005622/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073940591","display_name":"Baban Bapir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4429-6419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4429-6419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133014862","display_name":"Sulaimani Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9vy052","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51441396","display_name":"Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar","ror":"https://ror.org/033bb5z47","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}],"countries":["DE","IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baban A. Bapir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Advanced Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Weimar, Germany","Technical College of Engineering, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4429-6419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Advanced Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Weimar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical College of Engineering, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051241267","display_name":"Lars Abrahamczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1217-3844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1217-3844"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51441396","display_name":"Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar","ror":"https://ror.org/033bb5z47","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Abrahamczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Advanced Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Weimar, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1217-3844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Advanced Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Weimar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042633766","display_name":"Patrick Staubach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-4880","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-4880"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51441396","display_name":"Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar","ror":"https://ror.org/033bb5z47","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Staubach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Weimar, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-4880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Weimar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073940591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862","https://openalex.org/I51441396"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"211","issue":null,"first_page":"110647","last_page":"110647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10160","display_name":"Seismic Performance and Analysis","score":0.032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-structure-interaction","display_name":"soil-structure interaction","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-soil-behavior","display_name":"nonlinear soil behavior","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismic-loading","display_name":"seismic loading","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shear-modulus-reduction","display_name":"shear modulus degradation","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-clay","display_name":"soft clay","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-compatibility","display_name":"strain compatibility","score":0.5699999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103711010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909789","display_name":"Earthquake engineering","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182358397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2656128","display_name":"Seismic analysis","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984755018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17118374","display_name":"Nonlinear model","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726126005622/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99356198","display_name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","issn_l":"0267-7261","issn":["0267-7261","1879-341X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.db-thueringen.de:dbt_mods_00071590","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.db-thueringen.de/receive/dbt_mods_00071590","pdf_url":"https://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dbt_derivate_00072655/main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400120","display_name":"Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210149878","host_organization_name":"Verbundzentrale des GBV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110647","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726126005622/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99356198","display_name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","issn_l":"0267-7261","issn":["0267-7261","1879-341X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204176320.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204176320.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529149020","https://openalex.org/W1973431600","https://openalex.org/W1993382677","https://openalex.org/W1993500740","https://openalex.org/W1995934492","https://openalex.org/W1998893014","https://openalex.org/W2001097226","https://openalex.org/W2008790593","https://openalex.org/W2023810036","https://openalex.org/W2031306463","https://openalex.org/W2045705603","https://openalex.org/W2056990691","https://openalex.org/W2060054593","https://openalex.org/W2110893990","https://openalex.org/W2136200737","https://openalex.org/W2163332667","https://openalex.org/W2165609548","https://openalex.org/W2306321098","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2536810165","https://openalex.org/W2571796189","https://openalex.org/W2790323772","https://openalex.org/W2811244239","https://openalex.org/W2898402591","https://openalex.org/W2928263120","https://openalex.org/W4224294550","https://openalex.org/W4247321893","https://openalex.org/W4319161484","https://openalex.org/W4324258230","https://openalex.org/W4324340243","https://openalex.org/W4383047356","https://openalex.org/W4391753885","https://openalex.org/W4392639188","https://openalex.org/W4400129797","https://openalex.org/W4400130000","https://openalex.org/W4402237310","https://openalex.org/W4415716751","https://openalex.org/W4416524223","https://openalex.org/W7081921426","https://openalex.org/W7117153071","https://openalex.org/W7167018375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144507950","https://openalex.org/W147238236","https://openalex.org/W2945689279","https://openalex.org/W2184086648","https://openalex.org/W3193413555","https://openalex.org/W2543935937","https://openalex.org/W2306321098","https://openalex.org/W2055302209","https://openalex.org/W7153952606","https://openalex.org/W2407790178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"soil\u2013structure":[1],"interaction":[2],"(SSI)":[3],"analyses":[4],"often":[5],"rely":[6],"on":[7],"linear":[8,86,183],"soil":[9,37,77,141],"representations,":[10],"which":[11,89],"are":[12,94,131,153],"attractive":[13],"for":[14,207],"routine":[15],"engineering":[16],"applications":[17],"but":[18],"may":[19],"provide":[20],"inaccurate":[21],"structural":[22],"response":[23,179],"estimates":[24],"under":[25,186],"moderate":[26],"to":[27,32],"strong":[28],"seismic":[29,163,209],"loading":[30],"due":[31],"the":[33,67,108,115,119,169,181,213],"neglect":[34],"of":[35,69,114,162,176],"nonlinear":[36,41,76,177],"behaviour.":[38],"Although":[39],"advanced":[40],"models":[42,72],"can":[43],"capture":[44],"these":[45,221],"effects,":[46],"their":[47,53],"computational":[48],"and":[49,92,104,118,143,149,152,192],"modelling":[50],"demands":[51],"limit":[52],"practical":[54,208],"use.":[55],"This":[56],"study":[57],"proposes":[58],"an":[59],"Equivalent":[60],"Linear":[61],"Spring\u2013Damper":[62],"(ELSD)":[63],"formulation":[64,171],"that":[65,99,168],"retains":[66],"simplicity":[68],"spring-dashpot":[70],"SSI":[71,156,178,210],"while":[73],"incorporating":[74],"key":[75],"effects.":[78],"The":[79,165,198],"model":[80],"follows":[81],"a":[82,159,173,203],"non-iterative":[83],"strain-compatible":[84],"equivalent":[85],"approach,":[87],"in":[88],"foundation":[90],"stiffness":[91,190],"damping":[93,105,193],"modified":[95],"through":[96,155],"empirical":[97],"relationships":[98,130],"estimate":[100],"shear":[101],"modulus":[102],"reduction":[103],"increase":[106,194],"from":[107,133],"effective":[109],"peak":[110],"ground":[111,144],"acceleration":[112],"(EPGA)":[113],"applied":[116],"earthquake":[117],"site":[120],"shear-wave":[121],"velocity":[122],"(":[123],"v":[124],"s":[125],",":[126],"30":[127],").":[128],"These":[129],"derived":[132],"three-dimensional":[134],"finite":[135],"element":[136],"simulations":[137,157],"covering":[138],"clay-type":[139],"soft":[140],"conditions":[142,222],"motions":[145],"with":[146],"varying":[147],"intensity":[148],"frequency":[150],"content,":[151],"evaluated":[154],"over":[158],"broad":[160],"range":[161],"demands.":[164],"results":[166],"show":[167],"proposed":[170,199],"provides":[172],"closer":[174],"approximation":[175],"than":[180],"conventional":[182],"model,":[184],"particularly":[185],"stronger":[187],"shaking":[188],"where":[189],"degradation":[191],"become":[195],"more":[196],"significant.":[197],"framework":[200],"therefore":[201],"offers":[202],"computationally":[204],"efficient":[205],"tool":[206],"analysis":[211],"within":[212],"investigated":[214],"calibration":[215],"range,":[216],"although":[217],"its":[218],"applicability":[219],"beyond":[220],"requires":[223],"further":[224],"assessment.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}
