{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204173992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","title":"Artificial Intelligence Integration in Radiology in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Workforce Readiness and Implementation Challenges","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Integration in Radiology in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Workforce Readiness and Implementation Challenges","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204173992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42736868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/healthcare14172711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214101","display_name":"Healthcare","issn_l":"2227-9032","issn":["2227-9032"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-40","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051143765","display_name":"Abdullah Alamoudi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195631090","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdallah Alamoudi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049239340","display_name":"Yousif Mohamed Y. Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-2515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-2515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195631090","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yousif Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049239340"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57986357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"17","first_page":"2711","last_page":"2711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-radiology","display_name":"artificial intelligence in radiology","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-adoption","display_name":"artificial intelligence adoption","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-readiness","display_name":"career readiness","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation-barriers","display_name":"implementation barriers","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-knowledge","display_name":"AI knowledge","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation-readiness","display_name":"implementation readiness","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-infrastructure","display_name":"digital infrastructure","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-training","display_name":"employee training","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-arabia","display_name":"Saudi Arabia","score":0.9559999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.6873999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65067816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295139","display_name":"Computer-assisted web interviewing","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198327121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7410163","display_name":"Sampling frame","level":3,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777512617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783605","display_name":"Staffing","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7166983","display_name":"Perceived organizational support","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/healthcare14172711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214101","display_name":"Healthcare","issn_l":"2227-9032","issn":["2227-9032"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-40","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202606.1787.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202606.1787.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202606.1787.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42736868","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42736868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13564685","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13564685/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13564685/pdf/healthcare-14-02711.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Healthcare (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/healthcare14172711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214101","display_name":"Healthcare","issn_l":"2227-9032","issn":["2227-9032"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-40","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5606548190116882,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3976283538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R-2026-359","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324553","funder_display_name":"Majmaah University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324553","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2905810301","https://openalex.org/W2982580298","https://openalex.org/W2998175747","https://openalex.org/W3000603264","https://openalex.org/W3013294478","https://openalex.org/W3092157834","https://openalex.org/W3136552952","https://openalex.org/W3173616133","https://openalex.org/W3214897310","https://openalex.org/W3217190025","https://openalex.org/W4205164650","https://openalex.org/W4288063574","https://openalex.org/W4366984503","https://openalex.org/W4382982700","https://openalex.org/W4389179445","https://openalex.org/W4392191303","https://openalex.org/W4394820998","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4398195190","https://openalex.org/W4403343244","https://openalex.org/W4407931231","https://openalex.org/W4408806526","https://openalex.org/W4409335464","https://openalex.org/W4410096757","https://openalex.org/W4414529426","https://openalex.org/W4415872581","https://openalex.org/W4416523257","https://openalex.org/W4417101402","https://openalex.org/W7127116379"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"is":[4,190,209],"increasingly":[5],"transforming":[6],"radiology":[7,33],"by":[8,192],"improving":[9],"diagnostic":[10],"efficiency,":[11],"optimizing":[12],"workflows,":[13],"and":[14,27,66,86,100,145,162,168,178,195,207,215],"enhancing":[15],"healthcare":[16,47,72,217],"sustainability.":[17],"However,":[18],"successful":[19],"implementation":[20,64,107,128,159,179,189],"depends":[21],"on":[22],"workforce":[23,164,201],"readiness,":[24,65],"organizational":[25,169],"capacity,":[26],"effective":[28],"governance.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31],"evaluated":[32],"professionals'":[34],"perceptions":[35],"of":[36,45,147],"AI":[37,95,185,213],"integration":[38,96],"in":[39,42,200],"Saudi":[40],"Arabia":[41],"the":[43,118],"context":[44],"sustainable":[46,188,216],"development.":[48],"Methods:":[49],"A":[50],"national":[51],"cross-sectional":[52],"survey":[53],"was":[54,109],"conducted":[55],"using":[56,76],"a":[57],"validated":[58],"30-item":[59],"questionnaire":[60],"covering":[61],"knowledge,":[62,176],"attitudes,":[63,177],"perceived":[67],"barriers.":[68,197],"Responses":[69],"from":[70],"295":[71],"professionals":[73,183],"were":[74,173],"analyzed":[75],"descriptive":[77],"statistics,":[78],"Cronbach's":[79],"alpha,":[80],"exploratory":[81],"factor":[82,154],"analysis,":[83],"Spearman":[84],"correlation,":[85],"Kruskal\u2013Wallis":[87],"testing.":[88],"Results:":[89],"Participants":[90],"demonstrated":[91],"positive":[92],"attitudes":[93],"toward":[94],"(3.57":[97],"\u00b1":[98,104,113,123,131,137,143,151],"0.69)":[99],"moderate":[101],"knowledge":[102],"(3.35":[103],"0.70),":[105],"whereas":[106],"readiness":[108],"comparatively":[110],"lower":[111],"(3.04":[112],"0.79).":[114],"Perceived":[115],"barriers":[116,126],"showed":[117],"highest":[119],"domain":[120],"score":[121],"(3.67":[122],"0.64).":[124],"Major":[125],"included":[127],"costs":[129],"(3.98":[130],"0.71),":[132],"limited":[133],"digital":[134,203],"infrastructure":[135,166],"(3.90":[136],"0.75),":[138],"insufficient":[139],"staff":[140],"training":[141],"(3.84":[142],"0.77),":[144],"lack":[146],"technical":[148],"expertise":[149],"(3.82":[150],"0.78).":[152],"Exploratory":[153],"analysis":[155],"identified":[156],"four":[157],"latent":[158],"dimensions:":[160],"governance":[161,205],"trust,":[163],"capability,":[165],"integration,":[167,186],"readiness.":[170,180],"Positive":[171],"correlations":[172],"observed":[174],"between":[175],"Conclusions:":[181],"Radiology":[182],"support":[184],"but":[187],"constrained":[191],"organizational,":[193],"infrastructural,":[194],"governance-related":[196],"Strategic":[198],"investment":[199],"development,":[202],"infrastructure,":[204],"frameworks,":[206],"cybersecurity":[208],"essential":[210],"for":[211],"responsible":[212],"adoption":[214],"transformation.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}
