{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204154617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","title":"Access to Formal Agricultural Credit and Barriers Among Farmers in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","display_name":"Access to Formal Agricultural Credit and Barriers Among Farmers in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204154617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nepjas/article/download/98250/74517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406978225","display_name":"Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences","issn_l":"2091-041X","issn":["2091-041X","2091-0428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nepjas/article/download/98250/74517","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148064197","display_name":"Brishti Suwal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401041607","display_name":"Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04wxbhc62","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102834121","https://openalex.org/I4401041607"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brishti Suwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401041607"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039322660","display_name":"Rojan Karki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2555-1648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2555-1648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102834121","display_name":"Purbanchal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0353fsq42","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102834121"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401041607","display_name":"Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04wxbhc62","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102834121","https://openalex.org/I4401041607"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rojan Karki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST)","Purbanchal University , Kathmandu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401041607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purbanchal University , Kathmandu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102834121"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13508","display_name":"Agricultural Economics and Practices","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-access-barriers","display_name":"credit access barriers","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmers","display_name":"farmers","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collateral-requirements","display_name":"collateral requirements","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-banks","display_name":"commercial banks","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-cooperatives","display_name":"agricultural cooperatives","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-inclusion","display_name":"financial inclusion","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-awareness","display_name":"credit awareness","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kathmandu-valley","display_name":"Kathmandu Valley","score":0.9139999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694563","display_name":"Collateral","level":2,"score":0.8668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6985999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779251847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60852","display_name":"Financial inclusion","level":3,"score":0.5174000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777481183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6770787","display_name":"Market access","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139043278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837171","display_name":"Financial services","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47136581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000047","display_name":"Agricultural machinery","level":3,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64089585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944235","display_name":"Informal sector","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24308983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5183781","display_name":"Credit reference","level":3,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68842666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070699","display_name":"Credit history","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nepjas/article/download/98250/74517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406978225","display_name":"Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences","issn_l":"2091-041X","issn":["2091-041X","2091-0428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjas.v31i1.98250","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nepjas/article/download/98250/74517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406978225","display_name":"Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences","issn_l":"2091-041X","issn":["2091-041X","2091-0428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6875},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204154617.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204154617.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406848387","https://openalex.org/W7203723648","https://openalex.org/W7169805370","https://openalex.org/W7213491353","https://openalex.org/W7166799711","https://openalex.org/W7125408327","https://openalex.org/W4403565257","https://openalex.org/W4413668085","https://openalex.org/W3172265579","https://openalex.org/W3210256543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agriculture":[0],"remains":[1],"one":[2],"of":[3,46,64,88,93,99],"the":[4,38,62,89,121,156,185],"key":[5],"sectors":[6],"in":[7,33,66,188],"Nepal's":[8],"economy.":[9],"However,":[10],"many":[11],"farmers":[12,48,65,90],"struggle":[13],"to":[14,18,30,149,158],"access":[15,29],"formal":[16,31,94],"credit":[17,32,95,160],"enhance":[19],"their":[20],"farm":[21],"productivity":[22],"and":[23,36,52,115,132,165,169,183],"sustainability.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26],"assessed":[27],"farmers\u2019":[28],"Kathmandu":[34,189],"Valley":[35],"identified":[37],"main":[39],"barriers":[40,127],"limiting":[41],"its":[42],"use.":[43],"A":[44],"sample":[45],"105":[47],"from":[49],"Kathmandu,":[50],"Bhaktapur,":[51],"Lalitpur":[53],"districts":[54],"was":[55,77,139],"selected":[56],"using":[57,72,79],"stratified":[58],"sampling,":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61,112],"proportion":[63],"each":[67],"district.":[68],"Data":[69],"were":[70,128],"collected":[71],"structured":[73],"questionnaires.":[74],"The":[75,82,124,153],"analysis":[76],"conducted":[78],"descriptive":[80],"statistics.":[81],"results":[83],"showed":[84],"that":[85],"although":[86],"70%":[87],"reported":[91],"awareness":[92,170],"institutions,":[96],"only":[97],"27%":[98],"them":[100],"had":[101],"successfully":[102],"accessed":[103,108],"credit.":[104],"Among":[105],"those":[106],"who":[107],"credit,":[109],"most":[110,125],"relied":[111],"commercial":[113],"banks":[114],"cooperatives":[116],"with":[117],"little":[118],"assistance":[119],"during":[120],"application":[122],"process.":[123],"significant":[126],"long":[129],"processing":[130],"times":[131],"strict":[133],"collateral":[134,163],"requirements,":[135,164],"while":[136],"high":[137],"interest":[138],"surprisingly":[140],"not":[141],"seen":[142],"as":[143],"a":[144],"major":[145],"issue,":[146],"possibly":[147],"due":[148],"more":[150],"pressing":[151],"concerns.":[152],"findings":[154],"highlight":[155],"need":[157],"simplify":[159],"procedures,":[161],"reduce":[162],"provide":[166],"better":[167],"guidance":[168],"programs":[171],"for":[172,179],"farmers.":[173],"Addressing":[174],"these":[175],"issues":[176],"is":[177],"essential":[178],"improving":[180],"financial":[181],"inclusion":[182],"supporting":[184],"agricultural":[186],"sector":[187],"Valley.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-26T00:00:00"}
