{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204149409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780","title":"Green Vehicle Routing Model and Optimization Algorithm with Soft Time Window and Dynamic Demand","display_name":"Green Vehicle Routing Model and Optimization Algorithm with Soft Time Window and Dynamic Demand","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204149409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics15173780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102253383","display_name":"Ming He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057101924","display_name":"Kaijun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-6332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-6332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77396741","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/057cydn08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaijun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-6332","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147917412","display_name":"Qian Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77396741","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/057cydn08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102950022","display_name":"Xiancheng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0134-2179","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0134-2179"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77396741","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/057cydn08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiancheng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031899981","display_name":"Lizhi Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2872-787X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2872-787X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77396741","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/057cydn08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lizhi Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031899981","https://openalex.org/A5057101924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77396741"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67016895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"17","first_page":"3780","last_page":"3780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"green vehicle routing problem","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-time-windows","display_name":"soft time windows","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-demand","display_name":"dynamic demand","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-stage-optimization-model","display_name":"two-stage optimization model","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-bee-colony-algorithm","display_name":"artificial bee colony algorithm","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-metaheuristic-algorithm","display_name":"hybrid metaheuristic","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-consumption","display_name":"fuel consumption","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-cost-minimization","display_name":"distribution cost minimization","score":0.8240000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7613000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.7034000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6316999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.6251999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.539900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62469222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092103","display_name":"Hybrid algorithm (constraint satisfaction)","level":5,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140073362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738759","display_name":"Soft computing","level":3,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516807790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193075","display_name":"Hybrid vehicle","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29436982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3700557","display_name":"Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing","level":5,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics15173780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics15173780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173780","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4000000059604645}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965856911","https://openalex.org/W2064404468","https://openalex.org/W2585214397","https://openalex.org/W2594133485","https://openalex.org/W2615374388","https://openalex.org/W2794152854","https://openalex.org/W2913740161","https://openalex.org/W3036905372","https://openalex.org/W3125049791","https://openalex.org/W7160047652"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,121],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,45,58,75,96,99,124],"dynamic-demand":[4],"green":[5],"vehicle":[6,26],"routing":[7,106,156],"problem":[8],"with":[9,108],"soft":[10],"time":[11,39],"windows":[12],"(DDGVRPSTW).":[13],"A":[14],"two-stage":[15],"optimization":[16,77],"model":[17],"is":[18,55,81],"developed":[19],"to":[20,68,94],"minimize":[21],"total":[22,130],"distribution":[23,72,143],"cost,":[24,28,31,34,37],"including":[25],"operating":[27],"fixed":[29],"dispatch":[30],"fuel":[32,148],"consumption":[33,149],"carbon":[35,151],"emission":[36],"and":[38,66,88,102,117,132,150],"window":[40],"penalty":[41],"cost.":[42,110,134],"To":[43],"solve":[44],"model,":[46],"a":[47,84,104,118],"hybrid":[48],"artificial":[49],"bee":[50],"colony":[51],"state-transition":[52,90],"algorithm":[53],"(HABC-STA)":[54],"proposed.":[56],"In":[57,74],"pre-optimization":[59],"stage,":[60,78],"multiple":[61],"initial":[62,71],"routes":[63],"are":[64,92],"generated":[65],"refined":[67],"obtain":[69],"an":[70,141],"plan.":[73],"dynamic":[76],"customer":[79],"information":[80],"updated":[82],"at":[83],"specified":[85],"event":[86],"time,":[87],"four":[89],"operators":[91],"used":[93],"search":[95],"neighborhood":[97],"of":[98],"current":[100],"solution":[101],"generate":[103],"revised":[105],"plan":[107],"lower":[109],"Computational":[111],"results":[112,136],"on":[113],"Solomon":[114],"benchmark":[115],"instances":[116],"real-world":[119],"case":[120],"show":[122],"that":[123,139],"proposed":[125],"method":[126],"effectively":[127],"reduces":[128],"both":[129],"cost":[131],"environmental":[133],"The":[135],"also":[137],"indicate":[138],"selecting":[140],"appropriate":[142],"scheme":[144],"can":[145],"significantly":[146],"reduce":[147],"emissions":[152],"while":[153],"improving":[154],"overall":[155],"efficiency.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}