{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204149366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","title":"A systematic review of eye-tracking methods for studying visual attention in urban public spaces","display_name":"A systematic review of eye-tracking methods for studying visual attention in urban public spaces","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204149366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042847","display_name":"Discover Cities","issn_l":"3004-8311","issn":["3004-8311"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Cities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140778556","display_name":"Ujjal Halder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4563-0274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4563-0274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ujjal Halder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077035902","display_name":"Harshit Sosan Lakra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2462-0285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2462-0285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harshit Sosan Lakra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078359716","display_name":"Saptarshi Kolay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-1740","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-1740"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saptarshi Kolay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077035902"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53529412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-attention","display_name":"visual attention","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-public-space","display_name":"urban public space","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze-analysis","display_name":"gaze analysis","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-perception","display_name":"visual perception","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methodological-quality","display_name":"methodological quality","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-of-bias","display_name":"risk of bias","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reporting-quality","display_name":"reporting quality","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusive-design","display_name":"inclusive design","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-nature-relationship","display_name":"human-nature relationship","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-trends","display_name":"research trends","score":0.47999998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5813000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775977372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147499","display_name":"Visual research","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779332521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820694","display_name":"Legibility","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993048729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220821","display_name":"Visual methods","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60641444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841602","display_name":"Delphi method","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042847","display_name":"Discover Cities","issn_l":"3004-8311","issn":["3004-8311"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Cities","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cc4c90f8e4354af79c912a3275935510","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cc4c90f8e4354af79c912a3275935510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Cities, Vol 3, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44327-026-00350-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042847","display_name":"Discover Cities","issn_l":"3004-8311","issn":["3004-8311"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Cities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8072555065155029}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321977","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204149366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204149366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036969376","https://openalex.org/W3082624659","https://openalex.org/W3084158136","https://openalex.org/W3112540180","https://openalex.org/W3154076935","https://openalex.org/W3168363549","https://openalex.org/W3171232181","https://openalex.org/W3202671044","https://openalex.org/W3206064710","https://openalex.org/W4205767436","https://openalex.org/W4206745018","https://openalex.org/W4313654902","https://openalex.org/W4321496719","https://openalex.org/W4381617339","https://openalex.org/W4388411841","https://openalex.org/W4388793423","https://openalex.org/W4390502166","https://openalex.org/W4393158854","https://openalex.org/W4395098280","https://openalex.org/W4396591604","https://openalex.org/W4398762695","https://openalex.org/W4398783847","https://openalex.org/W4399886948","https://openalex.org/W4400580820","https://openalex.org/W4401034450","https://openalex.org/W4402509583","https://openalex.org/W4405848685","https://openalex.org/W4407669969","https://openalex.org/W4408007309","https://openalex.org/W4408580528","https://openalex.org/W4409945208","https://openalex.org/W4410099925","https://openalex.org/W4410331968","https://openalex.org/W4411375918","https://openalex.org/W4411420776","https://openalex.org/W4411456494","https://openalex.org/W4413369326","https://openalex.org/W4413887262"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,31,63,66,77,91,154,176,179,189,201,203,216],"context":[2],"of":[3,52,65,69,90,108,178,218],"human-environment":[4],"interaction":[5],"and":[6,35,44,50,56,74,84,110,148,188,195,213],"built":[7,221],"environmental":[8],"behaviour":[9],"research,":[10],"eye-tracking":[11,113,126,133,209],"(ET)":[12],"has":[13,135],"emerged":[14],"as":[15,170,193],"a":[16,111,171],"methodological":[17,88,149,172,186],"tool":[18],"for":[19,82,106],"examining":[20],"visual":[21],"perception":[22],"in":[23,122,132,215],"urban":[24],"public":[25],"spaces.":[26],"This":[27],"systematic":[28],"review":[29],"follows":[30],"PRISMA":[32],"2020":[33],"framework":[34],"examines":[36],"76":[37],"peer-reviewed":[38],"records":[39],"(73":[40],"primary":[41,60,93,181],"empirical":[42],"studies":[43,61,94,119],"3":[45],"reviews)":[46],"retrieved":[47],"from":[48,175],"Scopus":[49],"Web":[51],"Science":[53],"between":[54],"2015":[55],"2025.":[57],"The":[58,87,183],"73":[59,92],"form":[62],"basis":[64],"quantitative":[67],"synthesis":[68],"methods,":[70],"devices,":[71,147],"sample":[72],"sizes,":[73],"indicators,":[75,144],"while":[76],"reviews":[78],"were":[79],"retained":[80],"only":[81],"thematic":[83],"bibliometric":[85],"mapping.":[86],"quality":[89],"was":[95],"appraised":[96],"using":[97],"two":[98],"complementary":[99],"tools:":[100],"design-matched":[101],"Joanna":[102],"Briggs":[103],"Institute":[104],"checklists":[105],"risk":[107],"bias":[109],"purpose-built":[112],"reporting-quality":[114],"checklist,":[115],"revealing":[116],"that":[117],"most":[118],"are":[120,162],"sound":[121],"design":[123,217],"yet":[124],"report":[125],"procedures":[127],"incompletely.":[128],"A":[129],"sharp":[130],"increase":[131],"research":[134,142],"been":[136],"observed":[137],"after":[138],"2020.":[139],"Beyond":[140],"identifying":[141],"trends,":[143],"focus":[145],"areas,":[146],"approaches,":[150],"this":[151],"study":[152,204],"synthesizes":[153],"analytical":[155],"pipeline":[156],"through":[157],"which":[158],"raw":[159],"gaze":[160],"data":[161],"transformed":[163],"into":[164,210],"spatially":[165],"interpretable":[166],"behavioural":[167],"metrics,":[168],"presented":[169],"recommendation":[173],"distilled":[174],"practices":[177],"included":[180],"studies.":[182],"findings":[184],"highlight":[185],"limitations":[187],"underrepresented":[190],"contexts,":[191],"such":[192],"nighttime":[194],"culturally":[196],"sensitive":[197],"environments.":[198],"By":[199],"consolidating":[200],"findings,":[202],"highlights":[205],"opportunities":[206],"to":[207],"integrate":[208],"evidence-based":[211],"evaluations":[212],"decisions":[214],"an":[219],"inclusive":[220],"environment.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}