{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204143416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","title":"Brain-computer interface for upper limb functional recovery post-stroke: a meta-analysis of improvement in upper limb motor function and changes in neurophysiological markers","display_name":"Brain-computer interface for upper limb functional recovery post-stroke: a meta-analysis of improvement in upper limb motor function and changes in neurophysiological markers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204143416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42638125","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13501825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2299478","display_name":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","issn_l":"1743-0003","issn":["1743-0003"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147971975","display_name":"Huanhuan Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanhuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148014595","display_name":"Runzhi Xian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runzhi Xian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076784728","display_name":"Yuchi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7413-7232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7413-7232","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4583-1637","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-1457"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148040272","display_name":"Xiaoyu Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405280201","display_name":"Zigong Vocational and Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrem48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405280201"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong Vocational and Technical College, Zigong, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong Vocational and Technical College, Zigong, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405280201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043332091","display_name":"Guoqiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6202-7485","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6202-7485"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086248","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0014a0n68","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoqiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383","https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122988340","display_name":"Guiquan Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086248","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0014a0n68","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guiquan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China. chenguiquan1973@126.com","School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China. chenguiquan1973@126.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China. chenguiquan1973@126.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383","https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China. chenguiquan1973@126.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043332091","https://openalex.org/A5122988340"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383","https://openalex.org/I4210086248"],"apc_list":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"apc_paid":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-computer-interface","display_name":"brain-computer interface","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke-rehabilitation","display_name":"stroke rehabilitation","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-limb-motor-function","display_name":"upper limb motor function","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke-recovery","display_name":"stroke recovery","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conventional-rehabilitation","display_name":"conventional rehabilitation","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-research-arm-test","display_name":"Action Research Arm Test","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modified-barthel-index","display_name":"Modified Barthel Index","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-evoked-potentials","display_name":"motor evoked potentials","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-cortex-excitability","display_name":"motor cortex excitability","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-activities-of-daily-living","display_name":"functional activities of daily living","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurophysiological-markers","display_name":"neurophysiological markers","score":0.7549999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.8004999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776660947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841423","display_name":"Upper limb","level":2,"score":0.7470999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.6678000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5146999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79544238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423243","display_name":"Activities of daily living","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16568411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Neurology","level":2,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64635419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508837","display_name":"Functional movement","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80823478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4493432","display_name":"Functional testing","level":3,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137813230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor control","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43893838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840545","display_name":"Sports medicine","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988438704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor function","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020127","descriptor_name":"Recovery of Function","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D034941","descriptor_name":"Upper Extremity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2299478","display_name":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","issn_l":"1743-0003","issn":["1743-0003"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13501825","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13501825/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13501825/pdf/12984_2026_Article_2080.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Neuroeng Rehabil","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42638125","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42638125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cba0ea9d60eb420b8cd8845c7e44f54f","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cba0ea9d60eb420b8cd8845c7e44f54f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, Vol 23, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12984-026-02080-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2299478","display_name":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","issn_l":"1743-0003","issn":["1743-0003"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1574388835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024ZXYZX14","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328652","funder_display_name":"Southwest Medical University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2271947627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24QNMP012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330773","funder_display_name":"Health Commission of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7340814017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-CXTD-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328652","funder_display_name":"Southwest Medical University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328652","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330773","display_name":"Health Commission of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204143416.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204143416.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1255316828","https://openalex.org/W1865645241","https://openalex.org/W1906640222","https://openalex.org/W1978990249","https://openalex.org/W2038412573","https://openalex.org/W2040868194","https://openalex.org/W2053281035","https://openalex.org/W2055827505","https://openalex.org/W2060928082","https://openalex.org/W2074041941","https://openalex.org/W2098644279","https://openalex.org/W2108721602","https://openalex.org/W2111636711","https://openalex.org/W2115138492","https://openalex.org/W2124743593","https://openalex.org/W2133561518","https://openalex.org/W2168272960","https://openalex.org/W2219068693","https://openalex.org/W2889429447","https://openalex.org/W2957168987","https://openalex.org/W2966224231","https://openalex.org/W2974087886","https://openalex.org/W3000978293","https://openalex.org/W3004244623","https://openalex.org/W3010889380","https://openalex.org/W3017950292","https://openalex.org/W3094453616","https://openalex.org/W3138704846","https://openalex.org/W4220728575","https://openalex.org/W4220762722","https://openalex.org/W4283318593","https://openalex.org/W4296669623","https://openalex.org/W4362524058","https://openalex.org/W4376279441","https://openalex.org/W4394944076","https://openalex.org/W4401879161","https://openalex.org/W4407778929","https://openalex.org/W4408780930"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166814056","https://openalex.org/W4408119883","https://openalex.org/W2780011893","https://openalex.org/W7207786059","https://openalex.org/W4224257189","https://openalex.org/W4210265458","https://openalex.org/W7204566457","https://openalex.org/W4390103081","https://openalex.org/W7127041210","https://openalex.org/W4220721059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Brain-Computer":[1],"Interface":[2],"(BCI)":[3],"has":[4,42],"emerged":[5,484],"as":[6,79,196,514],"a":[7,99,298,312,409,466,515],"promising":[8,516],"intervention,":[9],"facilitating":[10],"recovery":[11,372,403],"of":[12,24,70,104,107,145,216,236,300,363,383,417,434,498],"upper":[13,114,177,368,445],"limb":[14,115,178,319,369,446],"motor":[15,116,203,320,370,401],"function,":[16,117],"enhancing":[17],"associated":[18,464],"neurophysiological":[19,94,120,200,534],"markers,":[20,121,535],"and":[21,48,86,102,122,155,210,285,431,490,536],"improving":[22,316],"activities":[23],"daily":[25],"living":[26],"(ADL)":[27],"performance,":[28],"which":[29],"is":[30],"measured":[31],"using":[32,222],"the":[33,68,80,87,105,217,223,231,234,237,244,250,259,283,381,414,460,486,495],"Modified":[34],"Barthel":[35],"Index":[36],"(MBI).":[37],"Nevertheless,":[38],"most":[39],"existing":[40],"research":[41],"centered":[43],"on":[44,93,113,315],"individual":[45],"outcome":[46,184,190,257],"domains,":[47],"thus":[49],"critical":[50],"questions":[51,55],"remain":[52],"unanswered.":[53],"These":[54],"include":[56],"heterogeneity":[57,238],"in":[58,65,125,134,174,333,373,380,404,439,443,502],"treatment":[59,457],"efficacy":[60,399],"across":[61,73,386,485,527,544],"different":[62,387],"post-stroke":[63,418],"phases,":[64],"addition":[66],"to":[67,391,413],"consistency":[69],"BCI's":[71],"effects":[72,106,385],"specific":[74],"functional":[75,118,193],"assessment":[76],"scales,":[77],"such":[78],"Fugl-Meyer":[81],"Upper":[82],"Extremity":[83],"Scale":[84],"(FMA-UE)":[85],"Action":[88],"Research":[89],"Arm":[90],"Test":[91],"(ARAT)-and":[92],"markers.":[95],"OBJECTIVE:":[96],"To":[97],"perform":[98],"systematic":[100],"review":[101],"meta-analysis":[103],"BCI-mediated":[108,169,364,394,435],"rehabilitation":[109,112,170,173,306,309,365,395,436],"versus":[110],"conventional":[111,172,305],"activities,":[119],"MBI":[123,211,353,537],"performance":[124],"patients":[126,175,317,375,405,503],"with":[127,171,176,269,304,406,465,539],"stroke.":[128,181],"METHODS:":[129],"Systematic":[130],"searches":[131],"were":[132,163,240,277,294,331],"performed":[133],"7":[135],"databases":[136],"for":[137,367,400,519],"this":[138,491],"study:":[139],"PubMed,":[140],"Embase,":[141],"Cochrane":[142,226],"Library,":[143],"Web":[144],"Science,":[146],"China":[147,156],"National":[148],"Knowledge":[149],"Infrastructure":[150],"(CNKI),":[151],"Wan":[152],"Fang":[153],"Data,":[154],"Biology":[157],"Medicine":[158],"Database":[159],"(CBM).":[160],"Inclusion":[161],"criteria":[162],"randomized":[164,290],"controlled":[165,291],"trials":[166,292],"(RCTs)":[167,293],"comparing":[168],"dysfunction":[179],"following":[180],"The":[182,213],"primary":[183],"measure":[185],"was":[186,220,247,253,452,463],"FMA-UE":[187],"scores.":[188,212],"Secondary":[189],"measures":[191],"included":[192,218],"activity":[194],"levels":[195],"assessed":[197,221],"by":[198,424,475],"ARAT,":[199,533],"markers":[201],"(e.g.,":[202],"evoked":[204],"potentials,":[205],"MEPs,":[206],"electroencephalography,":[207],"EEG":[208],"indices),":[209],"methodological":[214],"quality":[215],"studies":[219],"validated":[224],"evidence-based":[225],"Collaboration's":[227],"RoB":[228],"2.0.":[229],"In":[230],"meta-analysis,":[232],"if":[233],"results":[235],"test":[239],"less":[241],"than":[242],"25%,":[243],"fixed-effect":[245],"model":[246,252],"employed;":[248],"otherwise,":[249],"random-effects":[251],"used.":[254],"For":[255],"each":[256],"measure,":[258],"mean":[260,265],"difference":[261,266,451],"(MD)":[262],"or":[263],"standardized":[264],"(SMD),":[267],"together":[268],"their":[270],"corresponding":[271],"95%":[272,339,348,357],"confidence":[273],"intervals":[274],"(95%":[275],"CI),":[276],"calculated.":[278],"RESULTS:":[279],"After":[280],"screening":[281],"against":[282],"inclusion":[284],"exclusion":[286],"criteria,":[287],"16":[288],"eligible":[289],"ultimately":[295],"included,":[296],"encompassing":[297],"total":[299],"1761":[301],"patients.":[302],"Compared":[303],"interventions,":[307],"BCI":[308,500,512],"interventions":[310,366,396,437],"exert":[311],"certain":[313,377],"effect":[314,469],"'upper":[318],"function":[321,371,402],"(SMD":[322,336],"=":[323,327,337,343,346,355],"0.49,":[324],"95%CI;0.26-0.73,":[325],"p":[326,342,350,359],"0.037).Additionally,":[328],"significant":[329,450,482,525],"improvements":[330,442,526],"observed":[332,543],"ARAT":[334],"scores":[335,538],"0.53,":[338,347],"CI:":[340],"0.14-0.91,":[341],"0.035),neurophysiological":[344],"markers(SMD":[345],"CI;0.08-0.98,":[349],"<":[351,360],"0.05)and":[352],"scores(SMD":[354],"0.85,":[356],"CI;0.55-1.14,":[358],"0.001).Subgroup":[361],"analyses":[362,422,473],"stroke":[374,392,520],"demonstrated":[376,427,478],"subgroup-specific":[378],"disparities":[379],"magnitude":[382],"therapeutic":[384,517],"subgroups.":[388],"With":[389],"respect":[390],"staging,":[393],"conferred":[397],"superior":[398],"subacute":[407],"stroke,":[408],"finding":[410],"plausibly":[411,493],"attributable":[412],"temporal":[415],"course":[416],"neural":[419,508],"remodeling.":[420,510],"Subgroup":[421],"stratified":[423,474],"intervention":[425,476,488],"dosage":[426],"that":[428,479],"both":[429],"10-15":[430],"20-30":[432],"sessions":[433],"resulted":[438],"clinically":[440],"meaningful":[441],"patients'":[444],"function.":[447],"No":[448],"statistically":[449,481,524],"detected":[453],"between":[454],"these":[455],"two":[456],"regimens,":[458],"yet":[459],"20-30-session":[461],"protocol":[462],"relatively":[467],"larger":[468],"size.":[470],"Furthermore,":[471],"subgroup":[472],"modality":[477,518],"no":[480],"differences":[483],"distinct":[487],"approaches,":[489],"observation":[492],"suggests":[494],"rehabilitative":[496],"benefits":[497],"divergent":[499],"paradigms":[501],"are":[504],"uniformly":[505],"mediated":[506],"through":[507],"circuit":[509],"CONCLUSION:":[511],"emerges":[513],"rehabilitation,":[521],"delivering":[522],"substantial,":[523],"multiple":[528],"key":[529],"outcomes,":[530],"including":[531],"FMA-UE,":[532],"consistent":[540],"statistical":[541],"significance":[542],"all":[545],"aforementioned":[546],"domains.":[547]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}
