{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204139130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","title":"Performance and Explainability of Open-Weight Large Language Models for Spam Email Detection","display_name":"Performance and Explainability of Open-Weight Large Language Models for Spam Email Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204139130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607830","display_name":"International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 7th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204139130"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128126237","display_name":"Vusal Shahbazov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1758-3082","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1758-3082"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vusal Shahbazov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128126237"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1633","last_page":"1637"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spam-email-detection","display_name":"email spam detection","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-shot-classification","display_name":"zero-shot classification","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-weight-models","display_name":"open-weight models","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-explanations","display_name":"natural language explanations","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llama-3-1","display_name":"Llama 3.1","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepseek-r1","display_name":"DeepSeek-R1","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gemma-3","display_name":"Gemma 3","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mistral","display_name":"Mistral","score":0.9750000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6428999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.24959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24779999256134033}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607830","display_name":"International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 7th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607830","display_name":"International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 7th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3133843004","https://openalex.org/W4210508258","https://openalex.org/W4294691140","https://openalex.org/W4312354876","https://openalex.org/W4328098510","https://openalex.org/W4384343495","https://openalex.org/W4385779821","https://openalex.org/W4398235202","https://openalex.org/W4405291344","https://openalex.org/W4407000842","https://openalex.org/W4407163436","https://openalex.org/W4408157270","https://openalex.org/W4408288399","https://openalex.org/W4411608884","https://openalex.org/W4413619339","https://openalex.org/W4413769801","https://openalex.org/W4413918176","https://openalex.org/W4413993509","https://openalex.org/W4414281281","https://openalex.org/W4415373260"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366377533","https://openalex.org/W7167460194","https://openalex.org/W7214712923","https://openalex.org/W7153210143","https://openalex.org/W7167693567","https://openalex.org/W7129047349","https://openalex.org/W7220704518","https://openalex.org/W25270451","https://openalex.org/W7117782297","https://openalex.org/W7137235450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,11,15,31,62,93,99,123,139,147,151],"advancements":[2],"made":[3],"by":[4],"researchers,":[5],"spam":[6,72,96,164],"emails":[7,20,25],"remain":[8],"one":[9],"of":[10,17,33,64,108,130],"biggest":[12],"challenges":[13],"in":[14,70,78,111,167],"field":[16],"cybersecurity.":[18],"Spam":[19],"can":[21,50,161],"serve":[22],"as":[23],"phishing":[24],"or":[26,44,97],"carry":[27],"viruses":[28],"that":[29,158],"compromise":[30,51],"security":[32],"an":[34,106],"organization's":[35],"system.":[36],"Current":[37],"detection":[38,165],"techniques":[39],"depend":[40],"on":[41,46,119,138,150],"supervised":[42],"learning":[43],"rely":[45],"cloud-based":[47],"services,":[48],"which":[49],"user":[52],"data":[53],"privacy":[54],"and":[55,86,125,144],"affect":[56],"implementation":[57],"flexibility.":[58],"This":[59],"paper":[60],"evaluates":[61],"capability":[63],"five":[65],"large":[66],"language":[67,113],"models":[68,76],"(LLMs)":[69],"zero-shot":[71],"email":[73,94],"classification.":[74],"The":[75,115,155],"used":[77],"this":[79],"study":[80],"include":[81],"llama3.1:8b,":[82],"deepseek-r1:8b,":[83],"gemma3:4b,":[84],"falcon3:7b,":[85],"mistral:7b.":[87],"In":[88,128],"addition":[89],"to":[90,104],"predicting":[91],"whether":[92],"is":[95],"not,":[98],"LLM":[100],"was":[101],"also":[102],"asked":[103],"generate":[105],"explanation":[107],"its":[109],"prediction":[110],"natural":[112],"form.":[114],"experiments":[116],"were":[117],"conducted":[118],"two":[120],"benchmark":[121],"datasets:":[122],"Ling":[124,152],"TREC2007":[126,140],"datasets.":[127],"terms":[129],"performance,":[131],"llama3.1:8b":[132],"outperformed":[133],"other":[134],"LLMs":[135,160],"when":[136],"evaluated":[137],"dataset":[141,153],"(98.78%":[142],"accuracy)":[143],"deepseek-r1:8b":[145],"had":[146],"best":[148],"performance":[149,166],"(98.79%).":[154],"results":[156],"show":[157],"open-weight":[159],"achieve":[162],"competitive":[163],"a":[168],"local,":[169],"privacy-preserving":[170],"environment":[171],"without":[172],"any":[173],"fine-tuning.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}
