{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204137368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","title":"AI-Driven Security: Detecting Cyber Attacks in IoT Networks","display_name":"AI-Driven Security: Detecting Cyber Attacks in IoT Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204137368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42739942","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13568385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26175321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204137368"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082852183","display_name":"Jawad Hussain Awan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-5184","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-5184"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188771183","display_name":"Iqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/00thhhw55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Hussain Awan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Iqra University, Main Campus, Karachi 75550, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-5184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Iqra University, Main Campus, Karachi 75550, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147967788","display_name":"Misbah Safdar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188771183","display_name":"Iqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/00thhhw55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misbah Safdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Iqra University, Main Campus, Karachi 75550, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Iqra University, Main Campus, Karachi 75550, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073845731","display_name":"Muhammad Ayaz Shirazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3471-2367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3471-2367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188771183","display_name":"Iqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/00thhhw55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ayaz Shirazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Iqra University, Main Campus, Karachi 75550, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Iqra University, Main Campus, Karachi 75550, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447997","display_name":"Min Young Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-3403","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-3403"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Young Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["KNU-LG Electronics Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","Research Center for Neurosurgical Robotic Systems, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-3403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KNU-LG Electronics Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Neurosurgical Robotic Systems, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082852183","https://openalex.org/A5100447997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188771183","https://openalex.org/I31419693"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"17","first_page":"5321","last_page":"5321"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection","display_name":"intrusion detection","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iot-networks","display_name":"IoT networks","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberattack-detection","display_name":"cyberattack detection","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lstm","display_name":"LSTM","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-imbalance","display_name":"class imbalance","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smote","display_name":"SMOTE","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-deep-learning-models","display_name":"lightweight deep learning","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-traffic-classification","display_name":"network traffic classification","score":0.6359999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8242999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7684000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.5784000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26175321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13568385","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13568385/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13568385/pdf/sensors-26-05321.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42739942","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42739942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:12824d8217a646f192a58e757ecc07d2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/12824d8217a646f192a58e757ecc07d2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 26, Iss 17, p 5321 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26175321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26175321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5001560936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-NR060127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6670385168","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0020536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8132207299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0020536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015w1qa96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204137368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204137368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600744878","https://openalex.org/W1963669090","https://openalex.org/W2044401623","https://openalex.org/W2045941367","https://openalex.org/W2047040081","https://openalex.org/W2604243156","https://openalex.org/W2611767272","https://openalex.org/W2762776925","https://openalex.org/W2782968911","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2889870023","https://openalex.org/W2937220155","https://openalex.org/W2939087234","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W2954957410","https://openalex.org/W3006165800","https://openalex.org/W3007264885","https://openalex.org/W3020888897","https://openalex.org/W3022802582","https://openalex.org/W3041279471","https://openalex.org/W3090111074","https://openalex.org/W3092688604","https://openalex.org/W3095186246","https://openalex.org/W3116274835","https://openalex.org/W3128910312","https://openalex.org/W3135091917","https://openalex.org/W3139008799","https://openalex.org/W3160455160","https://openalex.org/W3168771234","https://openalex.org/W3180273110","https://openalex.org/W3185895012","https://openalex.org/W3194730353","https://openalex.org/W3195631217","https://openalex.org/W3200314056","https://openalex.org/W3213755975","https://openalex.org/W4206016550","https://openalex.org/W4214529720","https://openalex.org/W4224317123","https://openalex.org/W4283019189","https://openalex.org/W4291743636","https://openalex.org/W4295788744","https://openalex.org/W4313270126","https://openalex.org/W4313891707","https://openalex.org/W4319316768","https://openalex.org/W4323362877","https://openalex.org/W4324093415","https://openalex.org/W4365790371","https://openalex.org/W4378904019","https://openalex.org/W4380682492","https://openalex.org/W4381568796","https://openalex.org/W4385423973","https://openalex.org/W4386207859","https://openalex.org/W4386963944","https://openalex.org/W4387501456","https://openalex.org/W4390605115","https://openalex.org/W4392944687","https://openalex.org/W4401314842","https://openalex.org/W4401732041","https://openalex.org/W4401748400","https://openalex.org/W4401974141","https://openalex.org/W4406291624","https://openalex.org/W4406947421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390483481","https://openalex.org/W7220780306","https://openalex.org/W7133204176","https://openalex.org/W7137801920","https://openalex.org/W4408793763","https://openalex.org/W7216952360","https://openalex.org/W7223446515","https://openalex.org/W4411018006","https://openalex.org/W4410536503","https://openalex.org/W7117644323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"rule-based":[1],"intrusion":[2,188],"detection":[3,64,156,189],"systems":[4],"generally":[5],"fail":[6],"in":[7,167],"identifying":[8],"unknown":[9],"or":[10,47],"evolving":[11],"threats;":[12],"thus,":[13],"automated":[14],"and":[15,41,55,132,151,160,186],"adaptive":[16],"kinds":[17],"of":[18,94,113,117],"methods":[19],"are":[20],"crucial.":[21],"Deep":[22],"learning":[23,168],"models":[24,128],"provide":[25],"promising":[26],"solutions,":[27],"but":[28],"many":[29],"recent":[30,70],"studies":[31],"depend":[32],"on":[33,45,66],"hybrid":[34,195],"architecture,":[35],"which":[36,163],"increase":[37,110],"the":[38,75,95,103,111,133,191],"computational":[39],"cost":[40],"reduce":[42],"deploying":[43],"ability":[44],"real-time":[46],"resource-limited":[48],"systems.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53,101],"present":[54],"test":[56],"a":[57,67,69,175],"standalone":[58,178],"LSTM":[59,144,153,179],"model":[60,145,180],"for":[61,92,136,157,184,193],"multiclass":[62],"cyberattack":[63],"based":[65],"CIC_IoT_Dataset2023,":[68],"labeled":[71],"dataset":[72,84,121],"that":[73,174],"mirrors":[74],"actual":[76],"network":[77],"environment":[78],"containing":[79],"33":[80],"attack":[81],"categories.":[82],"The":[83,119,142,171],"was":[85,122],"extremely":[86],"imbalanced":[87],"as":[88],"benign":[89],"traffic":[90],"accounted":[91],"most":[93],"classes.":[96],"To":[97],"detect":[98],"such":[99],"attacks,":[100],"used":[102,183],"Synthetic":[104],"Minority":[105],"Oversampling":[106],"Technique":[107],"(SMOTE)":[108],"to":[109,125],"frequency":[112],"less":[114],"common":[115],"types":[116],"address.":[118],"pre-processed":[120],"then":[123],"employed":[124],"train":[126],"four":[127],"(RNN,":[129],"CNN,":[130],"DNN":[131],"proposed":[134,143],"LSTM)":[135],"performance":[137],"analysis":[138],"with":[139],"sequential":[140],"data.":[141],"achieved":[146],"an":[147],"accuracy":[148],"between":[149],"2%":[150],"7%.":[152],"had":[154],"good":[155],"frequent":[158],"attacks":[159],"slow-changing":[161],"patterns,":[162],"shows":[164],"its":[165],"capacity":[166],"long-lasting":[169],"dependencies.":[170],"results":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"simple,":[176],"lightweight":[177],"can":[181],"be":[182],"effective":[185],"realistic":[187],"without":[190],"need":[192],"complex":[194],"architecture.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}
