{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204135869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391","title":"From Nano-Enabled Multimodal Biosensing to Health Digital Twins: A Scoping Review and Evidence-Gated Roadmap","display_name":"From Nano-Enabled Multimodal Biosensing to Health Digital Twins: A Scoping Review and Evidence-Gated Roadmap","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204135869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16178391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013558190","display_name":"Leonel Vasquez-Cevallos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9332-0825","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9332-0825"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141827","display_name":"Universidad Ecotec","ror":"https://ror.org/04pe1sa24","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141827"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonel Adalberto Vasquez-Cevallos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00edas, Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad ECOTEC, Km. 13.5 Samborond\u00f3n, Samborond\u00f3n 092302, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9332-0825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00edas, Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad ECOTEC, Km. 13.5 Samborond\u00f3n, Samborond\u00f3n 092302, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090574333","display_name":"Paul E. D. Soto Rodriguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2425-932X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2425-932X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul E. D. Soto-Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IUDEA, Departamento de F\u00edsica, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38203 La Laguna, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2425-932X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IUDEA, Departamento de F\u00edsica, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38203 La Laguna, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085326784","display_name":"Pedro Salazar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-0663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-0663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro A. Salazar-Carballo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Advanced Materials, Institute of Materials and Nanotechnology, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-0663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Advanced Materials, Institute of Materials and Nanotechnology, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013558190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141827"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":1.3753,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72542895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"17","first_page":"8391","last_page":"8391"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.15049999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.15049999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.14110000431537628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.13819999992847443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanomaterials","display_name":"nanomaterials","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-biosensors","display_name":"wearable biosensors","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-biosensing","display_name":"multimodal biosensing","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-analyte-sensing","display_name":"multi-analyte sensing","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-monitoring","display_name":"health monitoring","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-classification","display_name":"functional classification","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-method-validation","display_name":"analytical method validation","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-quantification","display_name":"uncertainty quantification","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validation","display_name":"external validation","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longitudinal-data","display_name":"longitudinal data","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5116999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780433410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276090","display_name":"Digital health","level":3,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018419874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843601","display_name":"Health science","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020774429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201886","display_name":"Web of science","level":3,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4441509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6418787","display_name":"Multimodal therapy","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16178391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3fd2cb900b274b15bcc8681144599099","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3fd2cb900b274b15bcc8681144599099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 17, p 8391 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16178391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1045240040","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PROID2024010032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324671","funder_display_name":"Agencia Canaria de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4933703577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2026/0000372","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315877","funder_display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315877","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324671","display_name":"Agencia Canaria de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01eeqch44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2266175888","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2299177375","https://openalex.org/W2601832233","https://openalex.org/W2762658547","https://openalex.org/W2786689981","https://openalex.org/W2791443927","https://openalex.org/W2795833336","https://openalex.org/W2803388462","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2900727792","https://openalex.org/W2915511630","https://openalex.org/W2917130660","https://openalex.org/W2917386416","https://openalex.org/W2937013426","https://openalex.org/W2943643493","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2999365564","https://openalex.org/W3007453563","https://openalex.org/W3010152544","https://openalex.org/W3013294478","https://openalex.org/W3047698845","https://openalex.org/W3095089476","https://openalex.org/W3096466506","https://openalex.org/W3112693771","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3118929067","https://openalex.org/W3123497531","https://openalex.org/W3136552952","https://openalex.org/W3136960503","https://openalex.org/W3157463971","https://openalex.org/W3177617320","https://openalex.org/W3209901185","https://openalex.org/W4226151042","https://openalex.org/W4247234299","https://openalex.org/W4280572991","https://openalex.org/W4293109418","https://openalex.org/W4313643668","https://openalex.org/W4315620186","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4395098357","https://openalex.org/W4396873377","https://openalex.org/W4402507211","https://openalex.org/W4407173730","https://openalex.org/W4408591716","https://openalex.org/W4408806526","https://openalex.org/W4410032708","https://openalex.org/W4411886951","https://openalex.org/W4411991872","https://openalex.org/W4412063929","https://openalex.org/W4412840316","https://openalex.org/W4412881799","https://openalex.org/W4413116314","https://openalex.org/W4413133443","https://openalex.org/W4413415970","https://openalex.org/W4413480510","https://openalex.org/W4413744819","https://openalex.org/W4413985576","https://openalex.org/W4414085771","https://openalex.org/W4414183234","https://openalex.org/W4414649096","https://openalex.org/W4414915585","https://openalex.org/W4416562904","https://openalex.org/W4417276107","https://openalex.org/W7116746388","https://openalex.org/W7116839577","https://openalex.org/W7117482696","https://openalex.org/W7118003228","https://openalex.org/W7118684539","https://openalex.org/W7123969204","https://openalex.org/W7126088658","https://openalex.org/W7127100685","https://openalex.org/W7128600627","https://openalex.org/W7130392446","https://openalex.org/W7130399124","https://openalex.org/W7133334597","https://openalex.org/W7139007775","https://openalex.org/W7154270192","https://openalex.org/W7155093191","https://openalex.org/W7155779362","https://openalex.org/W7159630162","https://openalex.org/W7160330641","https://openalex.org/W7160854241","https://openalex.org/W7161591066","https://openalex.org/W7162111008","https://openalex.org/W7163201601","https://openalex.org/W7163703410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7167057648","https://openalex.org/W7213404248","https://openalex.org/W7214049900","https://openalex.org/W4295951577","https://openalex.org/W7170196022","https://openalex.org/W7135058986","https://openalex.org/W7171469910","https://openalex.org/W7170075588","https://openalex.org/W4318262335","https://openalex.org/W7125427955"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,193],"nanomaterials,":[3],"wearable":[4],"biosensors,":[5],"multimodal":[6,39,200],"acquisition,":[7],"and":[8,43,53,81,111,130,156,176,209],"artificial":[9],"intelligence":[10],"have":[11],"enabled":[12],"increasingly":[13],"integrated":[14],"health-monitoring":[15],"systems,":[16],"yet":[17],"their":[18],"progression":[19],"toward":[20],"health":[21,44,190],"digital":[22,191],"twins":[23,192],"remains":[24],"unclear.":[25],"We":[26],"conducted":[27],"a":[28,59],"protocol-driven":[29],"scoping":[30],"review":[31],"of":[32,49,62,134,189,212],"original":[33],"studies":[34,98],"combining":[35],"nano-enabled":[36],"multianalyte":[37],"or":[38,101,108,115,140,154,161,172,187],"sensing,":[40],"AI-supported":[41],"analysis,":[42],"applications.":[45],"PubMed/MEDLINE,":[46],"Scopus,":[47],"Web":[48],"Science":[50],"Core":[51],"Collection,":[52],"IEEE":[54],"Xplore":[55],"were":[56,126],"searched":[57],"using":[58],"publication":[60],"cutoff":[61],"10":[63],"July":[64,72],"2026;":[65],"platform":[66],"execution":[67],"was":[68,90],"completed":[69],"on":[70],"13":[71],"2026.":[73],"Two":[74],"reviewers":[75],"independently":[76],"screened":[77],"528":[78],"unique":[79],"records":[80],"assessed":[82],"20":[83],"full-text":[84],"reports.":[85],"A":[86],"79-item":[87],"charting":[88],"form":[89],"jointly":[91],"verified":[92],"for":[93],"12":[94,136],"included":[95,106,145],"studies.":[96],"Nine":[97],"reported":[99,158],"reference-method":[100],"matrix-relevant":[102],"analytical":[103],"validation,":[104],"nine":[105],"human-sample":[107],"on-body":[109],"evidence,":[110],"six":[112,124],"acquired":[113],"longitudinal":[114,199],"continuous":[116],"data.":[117],"Under":[118],"the":[119,135,138,185,194],"author-proposed,":[120],"corpus-specific":[121],"functional":[122,142],"classification,":[123],"systems":[125],"L0,":[127],"five":[128],"L1,":[129],"one":[131],"L2;":[132],"none":[133,157],"met":[137],"L3":[139],"L4":[141],"criteria.":[143],"No":[144],"study":[146],"combined":[147],"dynamic":[148],"individual-state":[149],"assimilation":[150],"with":[151],"prospective":[152,210],"prediction":[153],"simulation,":[155],"external-site":[159],"validation":[160],"formal":[162],"predictive":[163],"uncertainty":[164],"quantification.":[165],"Because":[166],"eligibility":[167],"required":[168],"nano-enablement,":[169],"multiple":[170],"analytes":[171],"channels,":[173],"AI":[174],"integration,":[175],"selected":[177],"clinical":[178],"domains,":[179],"these":[180],"findings":[181],"do":[182],"not":[183],"estimate":[184],"prevalence":[186],"maturity":[188],"wider":[195],"literature.":[196],"Progress":[197],"requires":[198],"data,":[201],"validated":[202],"state":[203],"updating,":[204],"external":[205],"generalization,":[206],"confidence-aware":[207],"AI,":[208],"evaluation":[211],"governed":[213],"feedback.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}
