{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204135861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","title":"Grammatical errors in cadets\u2019 writing during competition: An analysis of what and why","display_name":"Grammatical errors in cadets\u2019 writing during competition: An analysis of what and why","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204135861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30659/e.11.2.401-420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","pdf_url":"https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/edulite/article/download/47597/16233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181311","display_name":"EduLite Journal of English Education Literature and Culture","issn_l":"2477-5304","issn":["2477-5304","2528-4479"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315086","host_organization_name":"Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315086"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/edulite/article/download/47597/16233","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026241873","display_name":"Yozar Firdaus Amrullah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273996","display_name":"Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang","ror":"https://ror.org/00vj2wg46","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405273996"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yozar Firdaus Amrullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273996"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115411042","display_name":"Fatimah Fatimah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9135-0649","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9135-0649"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273996","display_name":"Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang","ror":"https://ror.org/00vj2wg46","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405273996"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatimah Fatimah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nautical Studies, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nautical Studies, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273996"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032531409","display_name":"Pratama Irwin Talenta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4099-9034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4099-9034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270227","display_name":"Universitas Nasional Karangturi","ror":"https://ror.org/009eer679","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270227"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratama Irwin Talenta","raw_affiliation_strings":["English Education, Universitas Nasional Karangturi Semarang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"English Education, Universitas Nasional Karangturi Semarang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085050152","display_name":"Ulya Himawati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6782-0757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6782-0757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156561","display_name":"Universitas Wahid Hasyim","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtsq315","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156561"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulya Himawati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Wahid Hasyim, Semarang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Wahid Hasyim, Semarang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147948711","display_name":"Kurniawati Afifah Liliyana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurniawati Afifah Liliyana","raw_affiliation_strings":["PT Mendoet Lintas Contena (Melinco), Indonesia, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PT Mendoet Lintas Contena (Melinco), Indonesia, Indonesia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147987607","display_name":"Rif'atun Hasanah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273996","display_name":"Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang","ror":"https://ror.org/00vj2wg46","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405273996"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rif'atun Hasanah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marine Engineering, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Engineering, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273996"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1000000,"currency":"IDR","value_usd":70},"apc_paid":{"value":1000000,"currency":"IDR","value_usd":70},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"401","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13538","display_name":"Linguistics and Language Analysis","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-errors","display_name":"grammatical errors","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-writing","display_name":"English writing","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-cadets","display_name":"military cadets","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocational-education","display_name":"vocational education","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-for-specific-purposes","display_name":"English for specific purposes","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation-errors","display_name":"misinformation errors","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omission-errors","display_name":"omission errors","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/addition-errors","display_name":"addition errors","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intralingual-transfer","display_name":"intralingual transfer","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-transfer","display_name":"language transfer","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-pressure","display_name":"time pressure","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essay-contest","display_name":"essay contest","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-transport","display_name":"maritime transport","score":0.5929999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98545295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193158","display_name":"Technical writing","level":3,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779824158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194697","display_name":"Passive voice","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018824978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2894891","display_name":"Error analysis","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207489910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201217","display_name":"Interlanguage","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84389358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129466","display_name":"Discourse analysis","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","pdf_url":"https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/edulite/article/download/47597/16233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181311","display_name":"EduLite Journal of English Education Literature and Culture","issn_l":"2477-5304","issn":["2477-5304","2528-4479"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315086","host_organization_name":"Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315086"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30659/e.11.2.401-420","pdf_url":"https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/edulite/article/download/47597/16233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181311","display_name":"EduLite Journal of English Education Literature and Culture","issn_l":"2477-5304","issn":["2477-5304","2528-4479"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315086","host_organization_name":"Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315086"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204135861.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204135861.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2586401767","https://openalex.org/W3018384514","https://openalex.org/W3108173241","https://openalex.org/W3114922456","https://openalex.org/W3119738836","https://openalex.org/W3135261444","https://openalex.org/W3151229520","https://openalex.org/W3197316769","https://openalex.org/W3197587742","https://openalex.org/W3198645241","https://openalex.org/W3217220119","https://openalex.org/W3217736524","https://openalex.org/W4210474543","https://openalex.org/W4210643295","https://openalex.org/W4210863176","https://openalex.org/W4213321573","https://openalex.org/W4221103032","https://openalex.org/W4291003335","https://openalex.org/W4292583808","https://openalex.org/W4308336186","https://openalex.org/W4312053839","https://openalex.org/W4312082689","https://openalex.org/W4312224138","https://openalex.org/W4312613938","https://openalex.org/W4312864598","https://openalex.org/W4322604165","https://openalex.org/W4323921579","https://openalex.org/W4362685189","https://openalex.org/W4362721337","https://openalex.org/W4379053530","https://openalex.org/W4382241633","https://openalex.org/W4382315118","https://openalex.org/W4382722025","https://openalex.org/W4382726112","https://openalex.org/W4385078234","https://openalex.org/W4385190558","https://openalex.org/W4385380787","https://openalex.org/W4386169565","https://openalex.org/W4387552360","https://openalex.org/W4388140048","https://openalex.org/W4388522551","https://openalex.org/W4390143316","https://openalex.org/W4391130784","https://openalex.org/W4392614923","https://openalex.org/W4392850131","https://openalex.org/W4392880478","https://openalex.org/W4396928028","https://openalex.org/W4405895563","https://openalex.org/W4411988654","https://openalex.org/W4415001245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163393584","https://openalex.org/W7222282381","https://openalex.org/W7124841525","https://openalex.org/W7172448814","https://openalex.org/W7219369458","https://openalex.org/W3185969568","https://openalex.org/W2885117129","https://openalex.org/W7117139030","https://openalex.org/W7220244194","https://openalex.org/W4388185703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Writing":[0],"in":[1,11,23,178],"English":[2,86,192],"poses":[3],"substantial":[4],"challenges":[5],"for":[6,32,187,193,199],"vocational":[7],"school":[8],"cadets,":[9,211],"particularly":[10],"maintaining":[12],"grammatical":[13,70,167],"accuracy":[14],"under":[15,43],"contextual":[16],"constraints.":[17],"These":[18,160,182],"difficulties":[19],"become":[20],"more":[21],"pronounced":[22],"competitive":[24],"settings":[25],"characterized":[26],"by":[27,73,127,144],"time":[28,148],"pressure,":[29],"limited":[30],"opportunities":[31],"revision,":[33],"and":[34,51,56,66,101,132,190,221],"heightened":[35],"cognitive":[36],"demands.":[37],"When":[38],"writing":[39,87,108,201],"tasks":[40],"are":[41],"performed":[42],"such":[44],"conditions,":[45],"cadets":[46,74],"may":[47],"struggle":[48],"to":[49,61,106,140,155,204],"organize":[50],"express":[52],"their":[53],"ideas":[54],"accurately":[55],"coherently.":[57],"The":[58,114,135],"study":[59,77],"aims":[60],"identify":[62],"the":[63,94,120,151,156,179,205],"types,":[64],"frequency,":[65],"underlying":[67],"causes":[68],"of":[69,158,208],"errors":[71,136],"produced":[72],"from":[75,111],"three":[76],"programs":[78],"at":[79],"Politeknik":[80],"Ilmu":[81],"Pelayaran":[82],"Semarang":[83],"during":[84,150],"an":[85],"competition.":[88],"Employing":[89],"a":[90,175],"descriptive":[91],"qualitative":[92],"design,":[93],"research":[95,189],"applies":[96],"Dulay\u2019s":[97],"surface":[98],"strategy":[99],"taxonomy":[100],"McDowell\u2019s":[102],"error":[103,123],"analysis":[104],"procedure":[105],"examine":[107],"samples":[109],"collected":[110],"sixteen":[112],"participants.":[113],"findings":[115,183],"reveal":[116],"that":[117,163],"misinformation":[118],"was":[119],"most":[121],"dominant":[122],"type":[124],"(73.90%),":[125],"followed":[126,143],"omission":[128],"(15.89%),":[129],"addition":[130],"(9.98%),":[131],"misordering":[133],"(0.23%).":[134],"were":[137],"primarily":[138],"attributed":[139],"intralingual":[141],"transfer,":[142,146],"interlingual":[145],"while":[147],"constraints":[149],"competition":[152],"also":[153],"contributed":[154],"occurrence":[157],"errors.":[159],"results":[161],"indicate":[162],"internalized":[164],"but":[165],"incomplete":[166],"knowledge,":[168],"rather":[169],"than":[170],"first-language":[171],"interference":[172],"alone,":[173],"played":[174],"central":[176],"role":[177],"cadets\u2019":[180],"performance.":[181],"can":[184],"be":[185,214],"used":[186],"further":[188],"developing":[191],"specific":[194],"purposes":[195],"learning":[196],"materials,":[197],"especially":[198],"improving":[200],"skills":[202],"related":[203],"scientific":[206],"fields":[207],"sea":[209],"transportation":[210],"whether":[212],"it":[213],"nautical":[215],"science,":[216],"marine":[217],"engineering,":[218],"or":[219],"port":[220],"shipping":[222],"management.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}