{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204131488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","title":"The cortex encodes speech timing as departure from expectation across multiple timescales","display_name":"The cortex encodes speech timing as departure from expectation across multiple timescales","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204131488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.19.745735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/24/2026.08.19.745735.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/24/2026.08.19.745735.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090641526","display_name":"Nicola Molinaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7549-6042","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7549-6042"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110594554","display_name":"Ikerbasque","ror":"https://ror.org/01cc3fy72","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110594554"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104355","display_name":"Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language","ror":"https://ror.org/01a28zg77","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104355"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Molinaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCBL, Basque center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia/San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7549-6042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCBL, Basque center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia/San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110594554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056063640","display_name":"Jose P\u00e9rez\u2010Navarro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-3935","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-3935","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1283"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114457229","display_name":"University of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01swzsf04","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104355","display_name":"Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language","ror":"https://ror.org/01a28zg77","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104355"]}],"countries":["CH","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose P\u00e9rez-Navarro","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCBL, Basque center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia/San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","Dynamics of Brain and Language Lab, Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCBL, Basque center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia/San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dynamics of Brain and Language Lab, Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090641526"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110594554","https://openalex.org/I4210104355"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10788","display_name":"Neuroscience and Music Perception","score":0.5957000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10788","display_name":"Neuroscience and Music Perception","score":0.5957000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.25589999556541443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.13169999420642853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-timing","display_name":"speech timing","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"jitter","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectations","display_name":"expectations","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superior-temporal-cortex","display_name":"superior temporal cortex","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syllable-timing","display_name":"syllable timing","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-language","display_name":"Spanish language","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isochrony","display_name":"isochrony","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timescales","display_name":"time scales","score":0.3499999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.7055000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556910895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384188","display_name":"Magnetoencephalography","level":3,"score":0.7001000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18676","display_name":"Auditory cortex","level":2,"score":0.5512999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109089402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8188","display_name":"Syllable","level":2,"score":0.5153999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5044000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2629608","display_name":"Syllabic verse","level":2,"score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34951282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864191","display_name":"Bioacoustics","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777348757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346577","display_name":"Cortex (anatomy)","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575399","display_name":"Speech production","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137584468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35395","display_name":"Phonetics","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780646970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6980787","display_name":"Natural sounds","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993858690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744385","display_name":"Temporal cortex","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542774811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10880526","display_name":"Prosody","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776756274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99209842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643696","display_name":"Speech perception","level":3,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/24/2026.08.19.745735.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.19.745735","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/24/2026.08.19.745735.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1175115578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI//10.13039/501100011033/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1280739393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1633674249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BERC2022\u20102025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1976989629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2020-001010/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2763034579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BERC 2022\u20132025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3428307696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3631838907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2020-001010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4033406476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G425668148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":".13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4714208783","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2020-001010/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5943232429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G859713241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BERC 2022\u20132025 programme","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8939903727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","ror":"https://ror.org/00pz2fp31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/003x0zc53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204131488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204131488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407793756","https://openalex.org/W4416202277","https://openalex.org/W7148476788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163395221","https://openalex.org/W2043465334","https://openalex.org/W2966538099","https://openalex.org/W2792951380","https://openalex.org/W3046509454","https://openalex.org/W2522787454","https://openalex.org/W1995494007","https://openalex.org/W2149502055","https://openalex.org/W2168133385","https://openalex.org/W4383070059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Every":[1],"syllable":[2],"and":[3,97,109,112,162,225],"every":[4],"phoneme":[5,95,104,142],"in":[6,56,61,120,196],"natural":[7,204],"speech":[8,55,238],"has":[9],"a":[10,58,69,186,220,237],"different":[11],"duration.":[12],"This":[13],"variability":[14,64,192,207],"is":[15,65,208,231,233],"conventionally":[16],"treated":[17],"as":[18,38],"jitter,":[19],"noise":[20,197,211],"the":[21,34,88,93,99,103,156,212,227],"brain":[22],"must":[23],"overcome":[24],"to":[25,131,203],"recover":[26],"an":[27],"underlying":[28],"regularity.":[29],"Here":[30],"we":[31],"show":[32],"that":[33,177,182],"cortex":[35,213],"encodes":[36],"it":[37,68,152,217],"information.":[39],"We":[40,73],"recorded":[41],"magnetoencephalography":[42],"from":[43,87,92,98,180,247],"25":[44],"native":[45],"listeners":[46],"of":[47,52,102,222],"Spanish":[48],"during":[49],"twenty":[50],"minutes":[51],"spontaneous":[53],"narrative":[54],"Spanish,":[57],"syllable-timed":[59],"language":[60],"which":[62],"durational":[63,191],"low,":[66],"making":[67],"conservative":[70],"test":[71],"case.":[72],"modelled":[74],"cortical":[75,138],"activity":[76,119,139],"with":[77,125,172],"three":[78],"timing":[79,164],"regressors":[80],"defined":[81],"at":[82,226],"successively":[83],"finer":[84],"grains:":[85],"deviation":[86],"expected":[89,94,100],"syllabic":[90],"beat,":[91],"onset,":[96],"duration":[101,135,146,245],"just":[105],"completed.":[106],"Fitted":[107],"jointly,":[108],"against":[110],"acoustic":[111],"linguistic-surprisal":[113],"baselines,":[114],"each":[115],"regressor":[116,136],"explained":[117,137,147],"unique":[118],"bilateral":[121],"superior":[122],"temporal":[123],"cortex,":[124],"distinct":[126],"response":[127],"latencies":[128],"spanning":[129],"70":[130],"250":[132],"ms.":[133],"The":[134,167],"beyond":[140],"raw":[141,145],"duration,":[143],"whereas":[144],"no":[148],"additional":[149],"variance":[150],"once":[151],"was":[153,170,193],"included.":[154],"At":[155],"onset":[157,168],"grain,":[158,229],"by":[159],"contrast,":[160],"predicted":[161],"physical":[163],"contributed":[165],"jointly.":[166],"departure":[169],"encoded":[171,232],"its":[173,244],"sign,":[174],"distinguishing":[175],"events":[176],"arrived":[178,183],"early":[179],"those":[181],"late.":[184],"In":[185],"separate":[187],"sample,":[188],"removing":[189],"this":[190],"costly:":[194],"comprehension":[195],"degraded":[198],"under":[199],"imposed":[200],"isochrony":[201],"relative":[202],"timing.":[205],"Durational":[206],"therefore":[209],"not":[210,234],"discards":[214],"but":[215,241],"information":[216],"encodes,":[218],"across":[219],"hierarchy":[221],"timescales":[223],"\u2014":[224],"finest":[228],"what":[230],"how":[235,242],"long":[236],"event":[239],"lasted":[240],"far":[243],"departed":[246],"expectation.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}