{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204128459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","title":"Clays as Additives in Ruminant Feed: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Their Effects on Enteric Methane, Digestion, Health and Productivity","display_name":"Clays as Additives in Ruminant Feed: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Their Effects on Enteric Methane, Digestion, Health and Productivity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204128459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42738434","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13564275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16172646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057210172","display_name":"Zubaer Hosen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4673-4865","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4673-4865"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156889","display_name":"CRC CARE","ror":"https://ror.org/058yerw52","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zubaer Hosen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4673-4865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133790036","display_name":"Md. Rashidul Islam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156889","display_name":"CRC CARE","ror":"https://ror.org/058yerw52","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Rashidul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109754654","display_name":"Ravi Naidu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-2495","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-2495"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156889","display_name":"CRC CARE","ror":"https://ror.org/058yerw52","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Naidu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087242994","display_name":"Bhabananda Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-4141","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-4141"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156889","display_name":"CRC CARE","ror":"https://ror.org/058yerw52","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bhabananda Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-4141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057210172","https://openalex.org/A5087242994"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156889","https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"17","first_page":"2646","last_page":"2646"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10098","display_name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10098","display_name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12944","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Health","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ruminant-nutrition","display_name":"ruminant nutrition","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rumen-fermentation","display_name":"rumen fermentation","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ammonia-n","display_name":"ammonia-N","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propionate-production","display_name":"propionate production","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volatile-fatty-acids","display_name":"volatile fatty acids","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rumen-ph","display_name":"rumen pH","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digestibility","display_name":"digestibility","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-urea-nitrogen","display_name":"blood urea nitrogen","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weight-gain","display_name":"weight gain","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-fat-yield","display_name":"milk fat yield","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophagy","display_name":"geophagy","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-inclusion-level","display_name":"dietary inclusion level","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clay-type","display_name":"clay type","score":0.8939999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70262065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427652","display_name":"Rumen","level":3,"score":0.9297999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780014933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422956","display_name":"Propionate","level":2,"score":0.8414999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781003712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842175","display_name":"Ruminant","level":3,"score":0.7741000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48318","display_name":"Urea","level":2,"score":0.614799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5698999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760","display_name":"Fermentation","level":2,"score":0.5570999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48743137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783121","display_name":"Organic matter","level":2,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780138947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q393855","display_name":"Dry matter","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777954923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698455","display_name":"Volatile fatty acids","level":4,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543025807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61476","display_name":"Fatty acid","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776208129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30672844","display_name":"Methane emissions","level":3,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516920438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129","display_name":"Methane","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537208039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627","display_name":"Nitrogen","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778589620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22275999","display_name":"Methanogenesis","level":3,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777289219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13377214","display_name":"Forage","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776229602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698455","display_name":"Short-chain fatty acid","level":4,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776382133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087","display_name":"Ammonia","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776753739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407796","display_name":"Valerate","level":4,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16172646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13564275","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13564275/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13564275/pdf/animals-16-02646.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42738434","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42738434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals : an open access journal from MDPI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0642f32776eb42d094880e35c763a412","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0642f32776eb42d094880e35c763a412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Animals, Vol 16, Iss 17, p 2646 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16172646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16172646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7142999768257141,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.5925999879837036,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204128459.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204128459.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163946500","https://openalex.org/W1837026033","https://openalex.org/W1906171435","https://openalex.org/W1986970681","https://openalex.org/W2080004987","https://openalex.org/W2104657845","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2218394084","https://openalex.org/W2337345458","https://openalex.org/W2527786681","https://openalex.org/W2738900239","https://openalex.org/W2757155618","https://openalex.org/W2758991355","https://openalex.org/W2785514484","https://openalex.org/W2897148128","https://openalex.org/W2941763735","https://openalex.org/W2944970983","https://openalex.org/W3041141320","https://openalex.org/W3081514716","https://openalex.org/W3094348948","https://openalex.org/W3164463835","https://openalex.org/W3198779876","https://openalex.org/W3199520066","https://openalex.org/W3201899554","https://openalex.org/W3207135502","https://openalex.org/W3207882938","https://openalex.org/W4205883465","https://openalex.org/W4210287145","https://openalex.org/W4221120263","https://openalex.org/W4229456553","https://openalex.org/W4240484632","https://openalex.org/W4308435834","https://openalex.org/W4312211511","https://openalex.org/W4313332894","https://openalex.org/W4313650141","https://openalex.org/W4385769396","https://openalex.org/W4392240597","https://openalex.org/W4399217436","https://openalex.org/W4404134009","https://openalex.org/W4405624165","https://openalex.org/W4407270052","https://openalex.org/W4407752989","https://openalex.org/W4409328169","https://openalex.org/W4409510051","https://openalex.org/W4410845332","https://openalex.org/W4411193913","https://openalex.org/W7128530291","https://openalex.org/W7130535086","https://openalex.org/W7153019845","https://openalex.org/W7169920241","https://openalex.org/W7172400161"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154609813","https://openalex.org/W1885674990","https://openalex.org/W4409328169","https://openalex.org/W4410845332","https://openalex.org/W7167247404","https://openalex.org/W2617811865","https://openalex.org/W7169920241","https://openalex.org/W7172400161","https://openalex.org/W4392240597","https://openalex.org/W4411193913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clays":[0],"are":[1,89],"increasingly":[2],"incorporated":[3],"as":[4,59,202],"feed":[5],"additives":[6],"for":[7,129,210],"ruminants,":[8],"partly":[9],"inspired":[10],"by":[11,61,120],"animals\u2019":[12],"natural":[13],"geophagic":[14],"behaviour.":[15],"However,":[16],"their":[17],"effects":[18,42],"on":[19,46],"rumen":[20,56,110,224],"function":[21],"and":[22,51,70,109,137,151,187,199,228],"productivity":[23,229],"remain":[24],"inconsistent":[25],"in":[26,63,80,97,180,230],"the":[27,41],"literature.":[28],"This":[29],"meta-analysis":[30],"synthesised":[31],"39":[32],"controlled":[33],"studies":[34],"(73":[35],"treatment":[36],"means)":[37],"to":[38],"quantitatively":[39],"evaluate":[40],"of":[43,172,205],"clay":[44,121,200,217],"supplementation":[45,54,218],"fermentation,":[47,225],"digestibility,":[48,226],"metabolic":[49],"health,":[50,227],"productivity.":[52],"Clay":[53],"improved":[55],"fermentation":[57],"efficiency,":[58],"indicated":[60],"reductions":[62],"methane":[64,220],"emissions":[65],"(\u221220.45%;":[66],"p":[67,73,84,106,113,134,141,159,184,192],"<":[68,142,208],"0.001)":[69],"ammonia-N":[71],"(\u221211.51%;":[72],"=":[74,85,107,114,135,160,185,193],"0.033),":[75],"along":[76],"with":[77,91,162,167,178],"an":[78],"increase":[79],"propionate":[81],"production":[82],"(+4.35%;":[83],"0.046).":[86],"These":[87,144,174],"findings":[88,214],"consistent":[90,166],"proposed":[92],"mechanisms":[93],"not":[94,117],"directly":[95],"evaluated":[96],"this":[98],"meta-analysis.":[99],"Total":[100],"volatile":[101],"fatty":[102],"acid":[103],"concentration":[104],"(+3.25%;":[105],"0.20)":[108],"pH":[111],"(+0.25%;":[112],"0.75)":[115],"were":[116,125,176],"significantly":[118],"altered":[119],"supplementation.":[122],"Digestibility":[123],"responses":[124,175],"moderately":[126],"improved,":[127],"particularly":[128],"neutral":[130],"detergent":[131],"fibre":[132],"(+7.32%;":[133],"0.011)":[136],"organic":[138],"matter":[139],"(+3.06%;":[140],"0.001).":[143],"improvements":[145],"may":[146],"reflect":[147],"enhanced":[148],"microbial":[149],"colonisation":[150],"substrate":[152],"utilisation.":[153],"Blood":[154],"urea":[155],"nitrogen":[156],"decreased":[157],"(\u22125.64%;":[158],"0.002)":[161,186],"minimal":[163],"systemic":[164],"effects,":[165],"a":[168],"primarily":[169],"rumen-localised":[170],"mode":[171],"action.":[173],"associated":[177],"increases":[179],"weight":[181],"gain":[182],"(+7.96%;":[183],"milk":[188],"fat":[189],"yield":[190],"(+9.19%;":[191],"0.030).":[194],"Meta-regression":[195],"identified":[196],"inclusion":[197],"level":[198],"type":[201],"significant":[203],"sources":[204],"variability":[206],"(p":[207],"0.05":[209],"multiple":[211],"outcomes).":[212],"The":[213],"indicate":[215],"that":[216],"supports":[219],"abatement":[221],"while":[222],"improving":[223],"ruminants.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}
