{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204127152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778","title":"Retrieval-Augmented Floor Plan Generation with Pre-Trained Text-to-Image Models: A Saudi Building Code Study","display_name":"Retrieval-Augmented Floor Plan Generation with Pre-Trained Text-to-Image Models: A Saudi Building Code Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204127152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics15173778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030937753","display_name":"Fayha Almutairy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0916-1110","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0916-1110"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206935292","display_name":"Shaqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hawb687","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fayha Almutairy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Information Technology, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0916-1110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Information Technology, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030937753"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66610191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"17","first_page":"3778","last_page":"3778"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.5785999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.5785999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13518","display_name":"Architecture and Computational Design","score":0.3400999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floor-plan-generation","display_name":"floor plan generation","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-to-image-models","display_name":"text-to-image models","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-code-compliance","display_name":"building code compliance","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prompt-engineering","display_name":"prompt engineering","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gemini","display_name":"Gemini","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dall-e","display_name":"DALL-E","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stable-diffusion","display_name":"Stable Diffusion","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-design-automation","display_name":"architectural design automation","score":0.5040000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.8503999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.8216999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61056293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18965","display_name":"Floor plan","level":2,"score":0.7932999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779265402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188507","display_name":"Apartment","level":2,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5297999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.47189998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333573","display_name":"Building code","level":2,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152095336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18965","display_name":"Architectural plan","level":3,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017984891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610943","display_name":"Ground level","level":3,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777877512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116097","display_name":"Common ground","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66862320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842017","display_name":"Building information modeling","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992074223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831691","display_name":"Ground floor","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781469121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331483","display_name":"Demolition","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107053488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423","display_name":"Construction engineering","level":1,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10272871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929972","display_name":"Software inspection","level":5,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics15173778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics15173778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15173778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7914247512817383}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904367110","https://openalex.org/W3016560862","https://openalex.org/W3107547765","https://openalex.org/W3111135479","https://openalex.org/W3111273223","https://openalex.org/W4229033574","https://openalex.org/W4283392904","https://openalex.org/W4283808966","https://openalex.org/W4313493323","https://openalex.org/W4324149303","https://openalex.org/W4360999343","https://openalex.org/W4366979320","https://openalex.org/W4385889052","https://openalex.org/W4388602745","https://openalex.org/W4389569555","https://openalex.org/W4389802782","https://openalex.org/W4390343797","https://openalex.org/W4390873054","https://openalex.org/W4390901862","https://openalex.org/W4392619597","https://openalex.org/W4393239502","https://openalex.org/W4401392987","https://openalex.org/W4408656302","https://openalex.org/W4411340896","https://openalex.org/W4413010858","https://openalex.org/W7128087180","https://openalex.org/W7165762755","https://openalex.org/W7166855877"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Floor":[0],"plan":[1,36,132],"design":[2,299],"normally":[3],"depends":[4],"on":[5,182,217],"architectural":[6,298],"training":[7],"or":[8],"CAD":[9],"software,":[10],"a":[11,23,27,33,39,44,125,161,221,273,279,283,296],"barrier":[12],"for":[13,135,145],"homeowners,":[14],"students,":[15],"and":[16,42,60,72,88,93,100,108,113,140,164,180,250,309,315],"small":[17],"practices":[18],"alike.":[19],"The":[20,286,301],"author":[21],"asks":[22],"narrower":[24],"question:":[25],"can":[26,43,197],"general-purpose,":[28],"pre-trained":[29],"text-to-image":[30,258],"model":[31],"draw":[32],"usable":[34],"floor":[35],"straight":[37],"from":[38,203],"written":[40,94],"brief,":[41],"building":[45],"code":[46],"be":[47,198],"folded":[48],"into":[49,95,272,282],"that":[50,147,242,251,277],"process?":[51],"To":[52],"find":[53],"out,":[54],"four":[55],"models,":[56],"Gemini,":[57,269],"DALL-E,":[58],"DeepAI,":[59],"Stable":[61,136],"Diffusion,":[62,137],"were":[63,91,103,157],"put":[64],"through":[65],"tests":[66],"using":[67],"ten":[68],"descriptions":[69],"of":[70,236,256,263,321],"villas":[71],"apartment":[73],"buildings.":[74],"Relevant":[75],"Saudi":[76],"Building":[77],"Code":[78],"(SBC)":[79],"clauses,":[80],"covering":[81],"minimum":[82],"room":[83,192,226],"sizes,":[84],"corridor":[85],"widths,":[86],"accessibility,":[87],"fire-safety":[89],"provisions,":[90],"retrieved":[92],"each":[96,165],"prompt":[97],"before":[98],"generation,":[99],"the":[101,122,138,155,173,204,218,225,228,234,237,253,261,266],"outputs":[102],"assessed":[104],"quantitatively":[105],"by":[106,124,160],"accuracy":[107],"latency,":[109],"with":[110,227],"SBC":[111],"compliance":[112,196],"realism":[114],"recorded":[115],"only":[116,169,200],"as":[117,233,290],"qualitative":[118],"observations.":[119],"Gemini":[120,212],"was":[121,167,178,270],"fastest":[123],"wide":[126],"margin,":[127],"averaging":[128],"8.3":[129],"s":[130],"per":[131],"against":[133],"40.5":[134],"slowest,":[139],"it":[141],"also":[142],"scored":[143,159],"highest":[144],"accuracy;":[146],"ordering":[148],"is":[149,208,288],"not":[150,158,295],"established":[151],"here,":[152],"however,":[153],"because":[154],"models":[156,308],"common":[162],"judge,":[163],"description":[166,281],"generated":[168],"once.":[170],"DALL-E":[171],"drew":[172],"most":[174],"realistic":[175],"images":[176],"but":[177],"slower":[179],"looser":[181],"detail.":[183],"One":[184],"limitation":[185,255],"cut":[186],"across":[187],"all":[188],"four:":[189],"none":[190],"reported":[191],"dimensions":[193],"reliably,":[194],"so":[195],"verified":[199],"in":[201,210],"part":[202],"image.":[205],"A":[206],"case":[207],"presented":[209],"which":[211],"printed":[213,230],"area":[214,231],"labels":[215],"directly":[216],"image,":[219],"yet":[220],"pixel-level":[222],"measurement":[223],"shows":[224],"smallest":[229],"drawn":[232],"largest":[235],"three,":[238],"an":[239,291],"internal":[240],"inconsistency":[241],"needs":[243],"no":[244],"external":[245],"ground":[246],"truth":[247],"to":[248],"demonstrate":[249],"exposes":[252],"core":[254],"current":[257],"decoders.":[259],"On":[260],"strength":[262],"these":[264],"results,":[265],"best":[267],"model,":[268],"built":[271],"Django":[274],"web":[275],"application":[276],"turns":[278],"typed":[280],"viewable":[284],"plan.":[285],"system":[287],"offered":[289],"early-stage":[292],"drafting":[293],"assistant,":[294],"code-verified":[297,323],"tool.":[300],"study":[302],"sets":[303],"out":[304],"plainly":[305],"what":[306],"off-the-shelf":[307],"prompt-level":[310],"guidance":[311],"deliver":[312],"without":[313],"fine-tuning,":[314],"where":[316],"they":[317],"still":[318],"fall":[319],"short":[320],"professional,":[322],"design.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}