{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204124679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","title":"Butachlor-induced phytotoxicity and oxidative stress in Spirodela polyrhiza","display_name":"Butachlor-induced phytotoxicity and oxidative stress in Spirodela polyrhiza","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204124679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10490039/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204124679"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10490039/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101783686","display_name":"Harshita Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2287-5938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2287-5938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168893459","display_name":"University of Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03vrx7m55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168893459"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harshita Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Allahabad"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Allahabad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168893459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147699098","display_name":"K. Suresh Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168893459","display_name":"University of Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03vrx7m55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168893459"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Suresh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Allahabad"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Allahabad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168893459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147919361","display_name":"Vandana Arya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168893459","display_name":"University of Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03vrx7m55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168893459"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vandana Arya","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Allahabad"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Allahabad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168893459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124987489","display_name":"Swati Mishra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swati Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Government Degree College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Government Degree College","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101938222","display_name":"Ashutosh Pathak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0286-0402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0286-0402"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashutosh Pathak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forest Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Research Institute","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5147699098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168893459"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.8496000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.8496000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10014","display_name":"Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance","score":0.1315000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11180","display_name":"Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/butachlor","display_name":"butachlor","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herbicide-phytotoxicity","display_name":"herbicide phytotoxicity","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spirodela-polyrhiza","display_name":"Spirodela polyrhiza","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duckweed","display_name":"duckweed","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-enzymes","display_name":"antioxidant enzymes","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-peroxidation","display_name":"lipid peroxidation","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthetic-pigments","display_name":"photosynthetic pigments","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proline-accumulation","display_name":"proline accumulation","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-metabolism","display_name":"primary metabolism","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osmoprotection","display_name":"osmoprotection","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytoremediation","display_name":"phytoremediation","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herbicide-contaminated-water","display_name":"herbicide-contaminated water","score":0.9039999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778979269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106951292","display_name":"Catalase","level":3,"score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775838275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410776","display_name":"Superoxide dismutase","level":3,"score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780829032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898539","display_name":"Lipid peroxidation","level":3,"score":0.6651999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.6406999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28781525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191907","display_name":"Carotenoid","level":2,"score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776373379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43177","display_name":"Chlorophyll","level":2,"score":0.5791000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162008176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419305","display_name":"Peroxidase","level":3,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780858201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3774857","display_name":"Phytotoxicity","level":2,"score":0.507099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780324493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411950","display_name":"Butachlor","level":3,"score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183688256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982","display_name":"Photosynthesis","level":2,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778411929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422067","display_name":"Lutein","level":3,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2177977","display_name":"Photosynthetic pigment","level":3,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48349386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778100927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943387","display_name":"Chlorophyll b","level":3,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779815552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484583","display_name":"Proline","level":3,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778760513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24773045","display_name":"Glutathione peroxidase","level":4,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34771814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186101","display_name":"Aquatic plant","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125564181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187915","display_name":"Photosynthetic efficiency","level":3,"score":0.27140000462532043}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10490039/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10490039/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10490039/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5666999816894531,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320767","display_name":"University Grants Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/04p800546"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204124679.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204124679.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W763071997","https://openalex.org/W1573518848","https://openalex.org/W1965290364","https://openalex.org/W1969231484","https://openalex.org/W1972616286","https://openalex.org/W2004431960","https://openalex.org/W2007649442","https://openalex.org/W2023392223","https://openalex.org/W2028823348","https://openalex.org/W2046198563","https://openalex.org/W2110856574","https://openalex.org/W2128635872","https://openalex.org/W2163987700","https://openalex.org/W2165471430","https://openalex.org/W2225737082","https://openalex.org/W2396681486","https://openalex.org/W2480880286","https://openalex.org/W2510196216","https://openalex.org/W2560370349","https://openalex.org/W2606368184","https://openalex.org/W2608515611","https://openalex.org/W2789700328","https://openalex.org/W2919056945","https://openalex.org/W2920888480","https://openalex.org/W3015541276","https://openalex.org/W3023252863","https://openalex.org/W3125763766","https://openalex.org/W3160682193","https://openalex.org/W3193818657","https://openalex.org/W4205604443","https://openalex.org/W4285037963","https://openalex.org/W4319754810","https://openalex.org/W4362583528","https://openalex.org/W4408900706"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098512934","https://openalex.org/W4229366587","https://openalex.org/W2809393791","https://openalex.org/W2089339622","https://openalex.org/W4403010370","https://openalex.org/W2560370349","https://openalex.org/W1992879213","https://openalex.org/W2774981658","https://openalex.org/W2378509718","https://openalex.org/W2377426590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Butachlor":[1],"caused":[2],"toxicity":[3],"to":[4,101,135],"duckweed":[5,184],"Spirodela":[6],"polyrhiza":[7,158],"in":[8,83,105,156,168],"a":[9],"concentration":[10],"dependent":[11],"manner":[12],"by":[13,22,58,67,113,125],"disrupting":[14],"growth,":[15],"photosynthetic":[16],"pigments":[17],"and":[18,21,28,46,54,61,64,94,121,127,153,163,181],"primary":[19],"metabolism":[20],"activating":[23],"antioxidant":[24,78,162],"defenses.":[25],"At":[26],"25":[27],"30":[29,70,139],"mg":[30,71,140],"L":[31,72,141],"\u2212":[32,73,142],"1":[33,74,143],",":[34,159],"the":[35],"frond":[36],"number":[37],"progressively":[38],"declined":[39],"after":[40],"96":[41],"h":[42],"exposure":[43],"(~":[44],"40":[45],"~":[47,128],"60%":[48],"reduction).":[49],"Chlorophyll":[50],"a,":[51],"chlorophyll":[52,56],"b":[53],"total":[55,122],"decreased":[57,66,124],"71%,":[59],"74%":[60],"82.1%":[62],"respectively":[63],"carotenoids":[65],"43%":[68],"at":[69,138],".":[75,144],"Activities":[76],"of":[77,183,188],"enzymes":[79],"showed":[80,107],"significant":[81,169],"increase":[82],"superoxide":[84],"dismutase":[85],"(+":[86,89,92,97],"92%),":[87],"catalase":[88],"85%),":[90],"peroxidase":[91,96],"17%)":[93],"ascorbate":[95],"55.1%)":[98],"as":[99],"compared":[100],"control.":[102],"Histochemical":[103],"staining":[104],"vivo":[106],"lipid":[108],"peroxidation":[109],"(MDA)":[110],"was":[111],"increased":[112],"178.6%.":[114],"Primary":[115],"metabolites":[116],"were":[117],"adversely":[118],"affected.":[119],"Carbohydrates":[120],"protein":[123],"77.4%":[126],"91%":[129],"respectively,":[130],"while":[131],"proline":[132],"accumulated":[133],"up":[134],"+":[136],"89.1%":[137],"These":[145],"results":[146,167],"indicate":[147],"that":[148],"butachlor":[149],"induces":[150],"oxidative":[151],"stress":[152],"metabolic":[154],"disturbance":[155],"S.":[157],"triggers":[160],"defensive":[161],"osmoprotective":[164],"responses":[165],"but":[166],"growth":[170],"inhibition.":[171],"The":[172],"species-specific":[173],"sensitivities":[174],"documented":[175],"here":[176],"inform":[177],"ecotoxicological":[178],"risk":[179],"assessment":[180],"selection":[182],"taxa":[185],"for":[186],"phytoremediation":[187],"herbicide":[189],"contaminated":[190],"waters.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}