{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204123249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570","title":"Inequality, Social Capital, and Crime: A Municipal-Level Mediation Analysis in Mexico","display_name":"Inequality, Social Capital, and Crime: A Municipal-Level Mediation Analysis in Mexico","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204123249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/socsci15090570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168464","display_name":"Social Sciences","issn_l":"2076-0760","issn":["2076-0760"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004270903","display_name":"Luis Lauro Carrillo-Sag\u00e1stegui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-5791","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-5791"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65481309","display_name":"Autonomous University of Tamaulipas","ror":"https://ror.org/04hhneb29","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65481309"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Lauro Carrillo-Sag\u00e1stegui","raw_affiliation_strings":["El Colegio de Tamaulipas, Calz. Gral. Luis Caballero No. 1540, Tamat\u00e1n, Ciudad Victoria 87060, Tamaulipas, Mexico","Laboratory of Regional Studies, Faculty of Commerce and Administration Victoria, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Mariano Matamoros S/N, Zona Centro, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"El Colegio de Tamaulipas, Calz. Gral. Luis Caballero No. 1540, Tamat\u00e1n, Ciudad Victoria 87060, Tamaulipas, Mexico","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Regional Studies, Faculty of Commerce and Administration Victoria, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Mariano Matamoros S/N, Zona Centro, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65481309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101456222","display_name":"Francisco Garc\u00eda Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-1093","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-1093"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65481309","display_name":"Autonomous University of Tamaulipas","ror":"https://ror.org/04hhneb29","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65481309"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Regional Studies, Faculty of Commerce and Administration Victoria, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Mariano Matamoros S/N, Zona Centro, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-1093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Regional Studies, Faculty of Commerce and Administration Victoria, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Mariano Matamoros S/N, Zona Centro, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65481309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004270903"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65481309"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68162551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"570","last_page":"570"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11239","display_name":"Social Capital and Networks","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-inequality","display_name":"economic inequality","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-capital","display_name":"social capital","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime","display_name":"crime","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide","display_name":"homicide","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-vehicle-theft","display_name":"motor vehicle theft","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-crime","display_name":"property crime","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediation","display_name":"mediation","score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-level-analysis","display_name":"municipal-level analysis","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-participation","display_name":"citizen participation","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-autocorrelation","display_name":"spatial autocorrelation","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mexico","display_name":"Mexico","score":0.3540000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68062652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693","display_name":"Social capital","level":2,"score":0.5800999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525541732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149086","display_name":"Homicide","level":4,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165148211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5431887","display_name":"Social inequality","level":3,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780661219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857984","display_name":"Property crime","level":3,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781117939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374245","display_name":"Empirical likelihood","level":3,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99656134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912993","display_name":"Ordinary least squares","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198052957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7079603","display_name":"Official statistics","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/socsci15090570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168464","display_name":"Social Sciences","issn_l":"2076-0760","issn":["2076-0760"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eab53caa57154792b388883cf36058cb","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eab53caa57154792b388883cf36058cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social Sciences, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 570 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/socsci15090570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15090570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168464","display_name":"Social Sciences","issn_l":"2076-0760","issn":["2076-0760"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.761900007724762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487380781","https://openalex.org/W1540009383","https://openalex.org/W1602148608","https://openalex.org/W1606716164","https://openalex.org/W1977198508","https://openalex.org/W1980336765","https://openalex.org/W1996945106","https://openalex.org/W1998400424","https://openalex.org/W2025983490","https://openalex.org/W2026182357","https://openalex.org/W2036581672","https://openalex.org/W2060777962","https://openalex.org/W2063751881","https://openalex.org/W2082107925","https://openalex.org/W2101785299","https://openalex.org/W2102716630","https://openalex.org/W2118898434","https://openalex.org/W2126564173","https://openalex.org/W2133273585","https://openalex.org/W2151336732","https://openalex.org/W2795846212","https://openalex.org/W3001989271","https://openalex.org/W3021314177","https://openalex.org/W3083453089","https://openalex.org/W3122922095","https://openalex.org/W3145494921","https://openalex.org/W3167787979","https://openalex.org/W3185876986","https://openalex.org/W3201473069","https://openalex.org/W3203455083","https://openalex.org/W4226347467","https://openalex.org/W4229573252","https://openalex.org/W4235608110","https://openalex.org/W4292442906","https://openalex.org/W4296063822","https://openalex.org/W4307487802","https://openalex.org/W4308912886","https://openalex.org/W4385240046","https://openalex.org/W4400932901","https://openalex.org/W4406609525"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"analyzes":[2],"the":[3,29,33,40,48,52,58,67,147,221,231,241,288],"relationship":[4,290],"between":[5],"economic":[6],"inequality,":[7],"social":[8,74,86,105,218,270,297],"capital,":[9],"and":[10,21,45,66,103,128,140,161,214,295,299],"crime":[11,145,180,201,215,227,277],"across":[12],"Mexican":[13],"municipalities":[14],"in":[15,259],"2020,":[16],"adopting":[17],"a":[18,72,84,195,207,247],"mediation":[19,123,204,224,249],"approach":[20],"an":[22],"exploratory":[23],"territorial":[24,257],"analysis.":[25],"Using":[26],"data":[27],"from":[28],"National":[30,41,53,59,68],"Council":[31],"for":[32,178,281],"Evaluation":[34],"of":[35,43,51,62,98,223],"Social":[36,192],"Development":[37],"Policy":[38],"(CONEVAL),":[39],"Institute":[42,70],"Statistics":[44],"Geography":[46],"(INEGI),":[47],"Executive":[49],"Secretariat":[50],"Public":[54],"Security":[55],"System":[56],"(SESNSP),":[57],"Statistical":[60],"Directory":[61],"Economic":[63],"Units":[64],"(DENUE),":[65],"Electoral":[69],"(INE),":[71],"structural":[73,85,170,217,269],"capital":[75,87,193,271],"index":[76,88,149],"was":[77,89],"constructed":[78,90],"through":[79,91,216],"Principal":[80,92],"Component":[81,93],"Analysis":[82,94,120],"(PCA),":[83,95],"incorporating":[96],"indicators":[97],"civic":[99],"participation,":[100],"associational":[101],"density,":[102],"local":[104,296],"infrastructure.":[106],"The":[107,133,203,253,284],"empirical":[108],"strategy":[109],"combines":[110],"ordinary":[111],"least":[112],"squares":[113],"(OLS)":[114],"regression":[115,130,263],"models,":[116],"Exploratory":[117],"Spatial":[118,262],"Data":[119],"(ESDA),":[121],"bootstrap":[122],"models":[124],"with":[125,143,152,184,199,235,275],"5000":[126],"resamples,":[127],"spatial":[129,254,282],"robustness":[131,264],"checks.":[132],"results":[134],"show":[135,267],"that":[136,268,287],"inequality":[137,174,213],"is":[138,150,233],"positively":[139],"significantly":[141],"associated":[142,151,183,274],"municipal":[144],"rates;":[146],"Gini":[148],"vehicle":[153,243],"theft":[154,244],"(\u03b2":[155,163,186],"=":[156,164,187],"0.115,":[157],"p":[158,166,189],"<":[159,167,190],"0.001)":[160],"homicide":[162,185],"0.073,":[165],"0.001).":[168,191],"After":[169],"covariates":[171],"are":[172],"included,":[173],"loses":[175],"statistical":[176,304],"significance":[177],"property":[179],"but":[181],"remains":[182,272],"0.098,":[188],"shows":[194,246],"significant":[196,209],"negative":[197],"association":[198],"both":[200,276],"outcomes.":[202],"analysis":[205,255],"indicates":[206],"statistically":[208],"indirect":[210],"pathway":[211],"linking":[212],"capital;":[219],"however,":[220],"form":[222],"differs":[225],"by":[226],"type.":[228],"For":[229],"homicide,":[230],"evidence":[232],"consistent":[234],"complementary":[236],"or":[237,250],"partial":[238],"mediation,":[239],"whereas":[240],"covariate-adjusted":[242],"model":[245],"competitive":[248],"suppression":[251],"pattern.":[252],"reveals":[256],"autocorrelation":[258],"all":[260],"variables.":[261],"checks":[265],"further":[266],"negatively":[273],"outcomes":[278],"after":[279],"accounting":[280],"dependence.":[283],"findings":[285],"suggest":[286],"inequality\u2013crime":[289],"depends":[291],"on":[292],"contextual":[293],"factors":[294],"structures":[298],"should":[300],"be":[301],"interpreted":[302],"as":[303],"associations":[305],"rather":[306],"than":[307],"causal":[308],"effects.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}