{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204117106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","title":"Improving malaria microscopy performance through structured refresher training: evidence from India for diagnosis of malaria","display_name":"Improving malaria microscopy performance through structured refresher training: evidence from India for diagnosis of malaria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204117106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93003929","display_name":"Malaria Journal","issn_l":"1475-2875","issn":["1475-2875"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Malaria Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Naseem Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99364266","display_name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rcsq61","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99364266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naseem Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India","ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99364266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148034025","display_name":"M. Sanal Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37048141","display_name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0492wrx28","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sanal Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), Field Unit, Bangalore, 562110, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), Field Unit, Bangalore, 562110, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064354766","display_name":"Bina Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1507-3447","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1507-3447"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bina Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033391276","display_name":"Baburajan Radha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63739035","display_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02dwcqs71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677","https://openalex.org/I63739035"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baburajan Radha","raw_affiliation_strings":["All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India","ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) Field Unit, Nadiad, Gujarat, 387003, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63739035"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) Field Unit, Nadiad, Gujarat, 387003, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141295036","display_name":"Deepali Anvikar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepali Anvikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086469796","display_name":"Nitika Nitika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1455-6504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1455-6504"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99364266","display_name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rcsq61","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99364266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitika Nitika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India","ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99364266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050993854","display_name":"Vani Hanumantappa Chalageri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-8836","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-8836"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37048141","display_name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0492wrx28","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vani H. Chalageri","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), Field Unit, Bangalore, 562110, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), Field Unit, Bangalore, 562110, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110813151","display_name":"Anupkumar R. Anvikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8455-6054","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8455-6054"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99364266","display_name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rcsq61","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99364266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anupkumar R. Anvikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India","ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99364266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007761677","display_name":"Praveen K. Bharti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-6869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-6869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100515","display_name":"National Institute for Research in Tribal Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00k2gdw14","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I4210100515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76782289","display_name":"National Institute of Malaria Research","ror":"https://ror.org/031vxrj29","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37048141","https://openalex.org/I76782289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99364266","display_name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rcsq61","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99364266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Praveen Kumar Bharti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India","ICMR-National Institute for Tribal Health Research, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh-482003, India","ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99364266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute for Tribal Health Research, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh-482003, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, 110077, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76782289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007761677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100515","https://openalex.org/I76782289","https://openalex.org/I99364266"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69740068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11314","display_name":"Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria-microscopy","display_name":"malaria microscopy","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria-diagnosis","display_name":"malaria diagnosis","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refresher-training","display_name":"refresher training","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parasite-detection","display_name":"parasite detection","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-identification","display_name":"species identification","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-evaluation","display_name":"training evaluation","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/who-guidelines","display_name":"WHO guidelines","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria-elimination","display_name":"malaria elimination","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-workforce-capacity-building","display_name":"health workforce capacity building","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria-surveillance","display_name":"malaria surveillance","score":0.6650000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156","display_name":"Malaria","level":2,"score":0.8360999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6456000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185032368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365243","display_name":"Tropical medicine","level":2,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780261877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519062","display_name":"Rapid diagnostic test","level":3,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779810223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270339","display_name":"Diagnosis of malaria","level":4,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82157600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic test","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71928629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804206","display_name":"Parasite hosting","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190612196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180502","display_name":"Parasitology","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5395021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061410","display_name":"Program evaluation","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93003929","display_name":"Malaria Journal","issn_l":"1475-2875","issn":["1475-2875"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Malaria Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-06101-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93003929","display_name":"Malaria Journal","issn_l":"1475-2875","issn":["1475-2875"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Malaria Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5385000109672546,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microscopy":[0,112],"is":[1,76],"widely":[2],"considered":[3,155],"as":[4,54,135],"the":[5,18,26,40,87,90,114,128,131,171,174,178,184,193,198,201,230,242,251,259,264,360,364],"gold":[6],"standard":[7,56],"for":[8,34,113,213],"malaria":[9,23,35,65,335],"diagnosis.":[10],"Qualified":[11],"microscopists":[12],"play":[13],"an":[14],"essential":[15],"role":[16],"in":[17,32,62,110,263,306,339],"timely":[19],"diagnosis,":[20],"treatment":[21],"of":[22,50,64,89,101,177,363],"infections,":[24,66],"and":[25,98,125,140,150,195,203,218,225,232,237,287,318,342,352],"subsequent":[27],"management":[28],"programs,":[29],"their":[30,47,83],"confidence":[31],"diagnosis":[33],"microscopy":[36,336],"immensely":[37],"depends":[38],"on":[39,82,130,300],"training":[41,52,129,205,243,332],"programs":[42,53,81],"they":[43],"are":[44,356],"attending":[45],"during":[46],"services.":[48],"Deprived":[49],"regular":[51],"per":[55],"guidelines":[57],"by":[58],"WHO":[59,185],"could":[60,68],"result":[61],"misdiagnosis":[63],"which":[67],"subvert":[69],"any":[70],"nationwide":[71],"elimination":[72],"endeavors.":[73],"Hence,":[74],"it":[75],"mandatory":[77],"to":[78,85,161,169,183,191,358],"scrutinize":[79],"these":[80],"capacity":[84],"upscale":[86],"competence":[88],"laboratory":[91],"technicians.":[92],"We":[93],"conducted":[94,181],"a":[95,102,255],"Multi-Site":[96],"Pre-":[97],"Post-":[99],"Evaluation":[100],"Standardized":[103],"5-Days":[104],"National":[105],"Refresher":[106],"Training":[107],"(NRT)":[108],"programme":[109],"Malaria":[111],"Laboratory":[115],"professionals.":[116],"Participants":[117],"(N":[118],"=":[119,273,278,285,295,313,324],"130)":[120],"competency":[121,350],"was":[122,159,167,180,189],"assessed":[123],"before":[124,229],"immediately":[126],"after":[127,241],"three":[132],"modules":[133],"such":[134],"Parasite":[136,141,265,307],"Detection,":[137],"Species":[138,275,319],"Identification,":[139],"Counting.":[142],"Descriptive":[143],"statistics":[144],"were":[145,154,220],"performed":[146,168],"with":[147],"performance":[148,179,208,261,301],"scores":[149,209,262],"p-values":[151],"\u2264":[152,270,282,292,316,327],"0.05,":[153],"significant.":[156],"Shapiro\u2013Wilk":[157],"test":[158,166,188,248],"used":[160],"assess":[162],"normality.":[163],"Wilcoxon\u2019s":[164,246],"Signed-rank":[165],"determine":[170,192],"significance":[172,194],"between":[173],"groups.":[175,206],"Grading":[176],"according":[182],"Guidelines.":[186],"McNemar-Bowker":[187,298],"utilized":[190],"symmetry":[196],"among":[197],"grades":[199],"across":[200],"pre-":[202],"post-":[204],"The":[207,245],"(%)":[210],"(Median":[211],"[Q1-Q3])":[212],"parasite":[214,340],"detection,":[215],"species":[216,343],"identification":[217],"counting":[219],"71.00":[221],"[56.75\u201386.00],":[222],"46.00":[223],"[31.00\u201360.00]":[224],"8.50":[226],"[0.00\u201333.00],":[227],"respectively,":[228,240],"training,":[231,348],"88.00":[233],"[80.00\u201394.50],":[234],"69.00":[235],"[54.00\u201384.00]":[236],"40.00":[238],"[20.00\u201350.25],":[239],"program.":[244],"signed-rank":[247],"indicates":[249],"that":[250],"NRT":[252],"program":[253],"had":[254],"positive":[256],"impact":[257],"upon":[258],"participant\u2019s":[260],"Detection":[266,308],"(Z=\u2212":[267,289],"8.026,":[268],"p":[269,281,291,315,326],"0.001,":[271,283,293],"r":[272,284,294],"0.70),":[274],"Identification":[276,320],"(Z":[277],"\u2212":[279],"8.360,":[280],"0.73)":[286],"Counting":[288],"5.644,":[290],"0.49)":[296],"modules.":[297,329],"Test":[299],"Grades":[302],"indicate":[303],"improvements":[304],"both":[305],"(\u03c7":[309,321],"2":[310,322],"[6,":[311],"130]":[312],"61.489,":[314],"0.001)":[317,328],"[5130]":[323],"58.108,":[325],"Structured":[330],"refresher":[331],"significantly":[333],"improved":[334],"competency,":[337],"particularly":[338],"detection":[341],"identification.":[344],"However,":[345],"additional":[346],"practical":[347],"periodic":[349],"assessment,":[351],"continued":[353],"quality":[354],"assurance":[355],"needed":[357],"strengthen":[359],"diagnostic":[361],"accuracy":[362],"trainees.":[365]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}
