{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204116785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w35670","title":"Air Pollution and Learning","display_name":"Air Pollution and Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204116785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w35670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","pdf_url":"https://www.ifo.de/sites/default/files/docbase/docs/cesifo1_wp12936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053623","display_name":"CESifo","issn_l":"1617-9595","issn":["1617-9595","2364-1428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CESifo Working Papers","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.ifo.de/sites/default/files/docbase/docs/cesifo1_wp12936.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080870096","display_name":"Arnold Patrick Behrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6946-7213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6946-7213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arnold Behrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, MD 20433, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, MD 20433, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054179306","display_name":"Joshua Goodman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3650-2075","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3650-2075","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6467-3816"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Goodman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, 595 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3650-2075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, 595 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045603917","display_name":"J. Parker Goyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-3643","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-3643"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328317298","display_name":"College Board","ror":"https://ror.org/0405c6r31","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328317298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Parker Goyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Policy Research, College Board"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Policy Research, College Board","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328317298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108756269","display_name":"Roth Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5065-5927","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5065-5927"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Jisung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5065-5927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080870096"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12259","display_name":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"air pollution","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning","display_name":"learning","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5","display_name":"PM2.5","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-fires","display_name":"forest fires","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-gap","display_name":"achievement gap","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-schools","display_name":"low-income schools","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.7020000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.7396000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5884000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130858481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92251","display_name":"Noise pollution","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986609742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Atmospheric pollution","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","pdf_url":"https://www.ifo.de/sites/default/files/docbase/docs/cesifo1_wp12936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053623","display_name":"CESifo","issn_l":"1617-9595","issn":["1617-9595","2364-1428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CESifo Working Papers","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"doi:10.3386/w35670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w35670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w35670","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w35670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7426418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7426418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7426418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65864/zyj6jbpa5b","pdf_url":"https://www.ifo.de/sites/default/files/docbase/docs/cesifo1_wp12936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053623","display_name":"CESifo","issn_l":"1617-9595","issn":["1617-9595","2364-1428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CESifo Working Papers","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.4043000042438507,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204116785.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204116785.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313216115","https://openalex.org/W7214358743","https://openalex.org/W2939723930","https://openalex.org/W3135693217","https://openalex.org/W3025986371","https://openalex.org/W2749058135","https://openalex.org/W4297995698","https://openalex.org/W3164143392","https://openalex.org/W4291905015","https://openalex.org/W7167607409"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nearly":[0],"the":[1,12,19,43,92,100,131],"entire":[2],"world's":[3],"population":[4],"breathes":[5],"air":[6,52,135],"exceeding":[7],"WHO":[8],"pollution":[9,67,87,136],"guidelines,":[10],"but":[11],"extent":[13],"to":[14,107,134],"which":[15],"that":[16],"exposure":[17,68,98],"impairs":[18],"accumulation":[20],"of":[21,65,76],"human":[22],"capital":[23],"is":[24],"not":[25],"well":[26],"understood.We":[27],"study":[28],"this":[29],"using":[30],"longitudinal":[31],"PSAT":[32],"data":[33],"on":[34],"nearly":[35],"10":[36],"million":[37],"U.S.":[38],"high":[39],"school":[40,101],"students,":[41,125],"comparing":[42],"same":[44,132],"student's":[45],"scores":[46],"across":[47],"attempts":[48],"preceded":[49],"by":[50,71,130],"differing":[51],"quality":[53],"and":[54,96,120,123],"instrumenting":[55],"for":[56],"local":[57],"PM2.5":[58],"with":[59],"smoke":[60],"from":[61,85,97],"distant":[62],"wildfires.A":[63],"year":[64,102],"observed":[66],"reduces":[69],"learning":[70],"0.04-0.06standard":[72],"deviations,":[73],"or":[74],"14-19%":[75],"typical":[77],"annual":[78],"score":[79],"growth.The":[80],"damage":[81],"comes":[82],"almost":[83],"entirely":[84],"moderate":[86],"days":[88],"(8-12":[89],"g/m3),":[90],"below":[91],"EPA's":[93],"historical":[94],"standard,":[95],"during":[99],"rather":[103],"than":[104],"summer,":[105],"pointing":[106],"instructional":[108],"disruption":[109],"as":[110],"a":[111],"mechanism.Effects":[112],"are":[113,127],"three":[114],"times":[115],"larger":[116],"in":[117],"disadvantaged":[118],"schools":[119],"among":[121],"Black":[122],"Hispanic":[124],"who":[126],"harmed":[128],"more":[129],"exposure.Exposure":[133],"widens":[137],"achievement":[138],"gaps.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}